advantages and disadvantages of the 1988 education reform act

/Resources << 107 0 obj A considerable area of cultivable waste land and private forests . >> >> >> /TT2 121 0 R /MC0 129 0 R The Education Reform Act ( 1988) (ERA) sets education within the context of the spiritual, moral, cultural, mental and physical development of pupils and of society. << 3099067 /Parent 15 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Resources << /Type /Page /StructParents 9 /Type /Page >> /Font << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Rotate 0 /GS0 125 0 R /Font << /TT1 226 0 R /MC0 129 0 R Pros Explained. /Resources << /Count 10 66 0 obj >> /Properties << >> endobj /Font << >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> >> /ExtGState << /Resources << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] The 'funding formula' means school funding is determined by pupil numbers and nothing relating to class; . endobj /Resources << /Properties << /MC0 129 0 R >> This started off the process of schools marketing themselves to parents to increase demand for their schools. /ExtGState << /ExtGState << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /MC0 129 0 R /TT1 226 0 R >> endobj /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Count 10 /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] 28 0 obj It is usually the benefits of education that are extolled from time to time and there is much strength in that argument since the one thing that separates man from animals is the ability to advance knowledge and expertise from . /Properties << /StructTreeRoot null The tripartite system, for example, introduced secondary schooling for all students in 1944. Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab. /TT1 121 0 R The idea was that parents would have more choice and control over their children's education. /Rotate 0 /Type /Page The 1988 reforms played an unambiguous role in that improvement, says Phillips: They shone a spotlight on schools failing young people like this one.. Top-down federal and state . /MC0 129 0 R /Font << /StructParents 81 << /Type /Page Poverty Reduction. /ExtGState << /Resources << /TT1 121 0 R 93 0 obj >> History. *SJj4Tf Schools see middle class students as easy to teach and likely to perform well. >> >> /TT1 226 0 R >> /Properties << /Parent 2 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> >> The aim of OFSTED is to drive up standards. Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below: If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> /Contents 267 0 R /MC0 129 0 R Inclusive education also benefits general education . >> >> endobj >> /Font << endobj Which type of school you ended up attending was decided by the 11+ examination, as ever this process had its advantages as well as its disadvantages: Advantages the brightest 15% - 20% went to grammar schools meaning Those who get an education have higher incomes, have more opportunities in their lives, and tend to be healthier. My own conclusions for what is needed now include reform of school admissions and a broader definition of what we mean by success, one that goes beyond simple test and exam results. /Font << 60 0 obj 0000001551 00000 n /LastModified (D:20040616154335) >> /GS0 125 0 R /Rotate 0 /Dest [23 0 R /XYZ 0 771 null] /Contents 289 0 R It has significantly influenced the policies of the UK Conservative Party and is a set of political beliefs about how the country should be run. The main impact of the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 is in establishing a Supreme Court as the highest appeal court. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /StructParents 62 endobj >> /StructParents 32 >> 30 0 obj 57 34 According to the results, the 1988 Education Reform Act has had a strong impact on teaching in the British primary schools. /Contents 224 0 R /TT2 226 0 R << /Rotate 0 >> endobj /TT3 159 0 R /Properties << 19 0 obj >> /GS0 125 0 R /Contents 263 0 R endobj 72 0 obj /Type /Pages /Properties << /Parent 14 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> >> /MC0 129 0 R 16 0 obj /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] The unease Phillips voices about the market reforms came through interviews with many of the key players in recent education reform. /RBGroups [] >> New education providers, in the form of academy trusts, are a reality in most communities. /GS0 125 0 R /Resources << /Properties << /Rotate 0 >> /StructParents 50 /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Type /Page >> >> >> /ExtGState << Educational Policy- 1988 Education Reform Act. >> /Resources << /Resources << /TT1 226 0 R endobj << Get Revising is one of the trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. /TT0 120 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] . /Font << /TT3 159 0 R Because so many people do not have an education, when they get older, it is damaging their life and the world as a whole. /Resources << /Parent 12 0 R /Annots [193 0 R 194 0 R 195 0 R 196 0 R 197 0 R 198 0 R 199 0 R 200 0 R 201 0 R 202 0 R /GS0 125 0 R /TT0 120 0 R >> endobj /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> /GS0 125 0 R /TT1 226 0 R 86 0 obj 0000005855 00000 n 51 0 obj /Resources << /TT0 120 0 R /StructParents 79 /StructParents 22 Stories of poor financial management, even corrupt practices, in the independent state school sector persist. /Rotate 0 /Contents 281 0 R endobj << << >> 48 0 obj /Type /Catalog /CropBox [0 0 595 842] (Read Arne Duncan's Britannica essay on "Education: The Great Equalizer.") /MC0 129 0 R /TT0 120 0 R /Parent 2 0 R endobj /Resources << /Parent 16 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> >> /TT2 121 0 R /ExtGState << The antics at the Durand Academy, relieved of its funding agreement by the Department for Education, have been well documented and watched closely by neighbouring schools such as like LIlian Baylis. /StructParents 59 /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /StructParents 3 /Rotate 0 83 0 obj /TT0 120 0 R Young people want the kudos of entering a profession which is valued by their peers. the 1988 Education Reform Act. /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /MC0 129 0 R /Type /Pages In addition, locally determined /Parent 13 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Properties << /Outlines 3 0 R /MC0 129 0 R >> 42 0 obj /Type /Page >> >> << endobj /Rotate 0 /Properties << endobj Many of the features of today's education system - from academies to league tables - have their origins in the 1988 Education Reform Act. /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Parent 12 0 R /Font << /Type /Page /Resources << /Rotate 0 >> /Kids [116 0 R] /TT0 120 0 R The Pros: Advantages and Applications of Facial Recognition System. /Rotate 0 /TT1 121 0 R endobj >> Alternative types of schooling in the UK Faith schools Independent Special schools Home schooling Task: Give a definition for each types of school and give at least three advantages and disadvantages. /Type /Page /XObject << /TT0 120 0 R /Rotate 0 Security Through Biometric Authentication: One . /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> >> /Parent 15 0 R >> /TT1 121 0 R However, no matter the intention, there are disadvantages of inclusive education as well. /Rotate 0 /Resources << This post has primarily been written forstudents of A-level sociology who are studying the education module in their first year. /Type /Page /Font << endobj >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Parent 14 0 R endobj /First 18 0 R /Contents 302 0 R 4.5 / 5 based on 2 ratings? /TT1 226 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Parent 17 0 R startxref /Resources << /Contents 223 0 R /Font << << /TT0 120 0 R /StructParents 16 >> /Resources << /Rotate 0 >> /Type /Page The New Right refers to a set of ideas that emerged in the 1970s. /StructParents 13 << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /StructParents 12 /GS0 125 0 R 3 /Rotate 0 0000005213 00000 n Teachers must present materials in different ways so that all of the students with different learning styles can understand the material. /Type /Page /ExtGState << For better or for worse, for sheer impact the Education Reform Act of 1988 still trumps anything Labour has put up since 1997. /Producer (Acrobat Distiller 6.0 \(Windows\)) >> >> /Contents 228 0 R /Contents 306 0 R >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /MC0 129 0 R /GS0 125 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /ExtGState << 108 0 obj /Resources << << /Contents 250 0 R >> 104 0 obj 97 0 obj /Type /Page It is the most significant policy that students need to be able to understand and evaluate within the education module for A-level sociology. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> Several interviewees described a situation in which the government is attempting to oversee thousands of academies, through a muddle of local authorities, school chains, regional commissioners and the Education Funding Agency, as the wild west. /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /StructParents 26 /StructParents 74 /TT0 120 0 R >> /TT0 120 0 R endobj More accountability provided a great opportunity for my generation of school leaders to prove ourselves and the national curriculum was right because it reduced inequality, even if it has been undermined by academy freedoms. /Contents 192 0 R /MC0 129 0 R /ExtGState << The New Right: Underlying Principles. /TT2 226 0 R 82 0 obj /GS0 125 0 R /TT0 120 0 R /Rotate 0 18 0 obj Better local oversight of schools and stronger incentives for local collaboration, rather than national chains cherry picking little groups of schools, would be Phillips priorities. /ExtGState << /Font << /Type /Page << Marketisation means creating an education market. /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Rotate 0 /StructParents 83 0000001418 00000 n endobj /Parent 14 0 R /GS0 125 0 R /MC0 129 0 R >> /ExtGState << endobj Hi Karl, thanks for this really useful. >> >> >> endobj /ExtGState << /StructParents 51 /Rotate 0 >> 106 0 obj /TT1 121 0 R /ExtGState << >> endobj >> endobj /Rotate 0 /TT1 121 0 R /TT1 121 0 R >> endobj The Middle Classes have more effective choice because of their higher incomes, The Middle classes have more effective choice because of their greater cultural and social capital, Schools become more selective they are more likely to want pupils who are likely to do well. /GS0 125 0 R >> endobj Register a free Taylor & Francis Online account today to boost your research and gain these benefits: School of Education, Boston College , Chestnut Hill , MA 02167 , USA, /doi/epdf/10.1080/0969594970040207?needAccess=true, Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, Medicine, Dentistry, Nursing & Allied Health. /GS0 125 0 R /Rotate 0 /Type /Page << /ExtGState << 74 0 obj 112 0 obj /MC0 129 0 R /Contents 257 0 R >> /Type /Page /Contents 276 0 R >> /Contents 252 0 R /TT3 159 0 R /Font << /Parent 9 0 R /TT1 121 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Font << The League Tables give no indication of the wider social good a school is doing beyond getting students results. We have tripled the number of young people coming out of university with degrees but we havent increased substantially the number who are prepared to become teachers, says Gary Phillips. /CreatorInfo << >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] Parentocracy refers to giving parents the choice over which schools to send their children too. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /StructParents 69 >> /TT0 120 0 R /Type /Page 0000003657 00000 n /Rotate 0 8 0 obj as comprehensive schools have such large intakes, it makes discipline more challenging in addition the anonymity students feel in such large schools makes it . >> /Properties << 12 0 obj >> 90 0 obj /Properties << /ExtGState << /Type /Page The declining power of Local Education Authorities, The 1988 Education Act: Evidence that it Worked, League Tables distort teaching and learning, Cultural Capital gives the middle class more choice, The experience of schooling becomes very negative for failing students, curriculum in schools has become more narrow. The Obama administration would like to provide national education standards that all states would be required to follow, according to a report on VOANews.com.These national standards would offer continuity in education throughout the country and help students compete more effectively in a global economy, according to proponents of . However, an important point to keep in mind is that correlation doesnt necessarily mean causation GCSE results may have improved over the last 30 years WITHOUT marketisation policies. /GS0 125 0 R /Creator (Acrobat PDFMaker 6.0 for Word) << >> The New Right theorised that League tables would force schools to raise standards because no parent would want to send their child to a school at the bottom. /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /StructParents 11 /Type /Page /Rotate 0 /Rotate 0 /MC0 129 0 R >> 17 0 obj /TT1 121 0 R /ExtGState << >> This means that these schools can, Building on the above example The next best school then skims off the next best students and so on until the worst schools at the bottom just end up with the pupils who no one wants. The twentieth anniversary of the 1988 Education Reform Act [1] provides an opportunity to assess two decades of unprecedented political centralisation of education in the United Kingdom. /Rotate 0 endobj The education reform movement as we have known it is over. /TT2 226 0 R /Properties << /TT1 121 0 R /Contents 287 0 R endobj The Bill was back on track but women teachers had to wait until 29 December 1975, when the Equal Pay Act 1970 came into force, to be paid the same as their male equivalents. 180 0 R 181 0 R 182 0 R 183 0 R 184 0 R 185 0 R 186 0 R 187 0 R 188 0 R 189 0 R /Properties << >> >> Thirty years on we may be ready for another all-encompassing Education Reform Act. /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Contents 270 0 R /TT1 121 0 R /ExtGState << /Resources << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] The education received throughout a childhood determines how the future will be for the new generation. 0000033023 00000 n /Font << /Length 963 /GS0 125 0 R /GS0 125 0 R >> /GS0 125 0 R /Kids [72 0 R 73 0 R 74 0 R 75 0 R 76 0 R 77 0 R 78 0 R 79 0 R 80 0 R 81 0 R] 0000001818 00000 n /Rotate 0 To make this word schools have been required to publish a prospectus which includes their examination and test results since 1988. /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Rotate 0 /ExtGState << /GS0 125 0 R >> /ExtGState << >> endobj >> << /TT1 121 0 R >> The better performing schools will attract more pupils and more funding and be able to expand. Stephen Ball talks of the school/ parent alliance: Middle class parents want middle class schools and schools want middle class pupils. << /Font << 0000052109 00000 n hen Gary Phillips started his career as a young teacher, the education world was a radically different place. /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /TT0 120 0 R /TT0 120 0 R /TT2 121 0 R >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> A market is always going to have winners and losers. /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Count 78 >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Font << 50 0 obj /GS0 125 0 R /GS0 125 0 R It shows how an informed educational philosophy helps us respond to . >> << because classrooms contain students of all abilities, brighter pupils are held-back as the weaker learners catch-up, a problem critics says grammar schools don't have. >> /StructParents 35 /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /TT2 121 0 R >> Children were regularly assessed to establish whether they were meeting key stages appropriate to their . Routledge. /ExtGState << /StructParents 40 /ExtGState << /MC0 129 0 R Phillips, who seriously considered academy conversion for his school but decided to stay within Lambeth local authority, believes the innovative instincts behind the early academies have evaporated in the rush for mass academisation. >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] The 1988 Education Reform Act and Its Consequences Tuomo Ruotanen >> /Properties << . The New Rights theory was that marketisation would improve efficiency in schools, which should automatically be achieved by making schools more competitive 0 therefore reducing the education budget. In that situation, the children of the poor are most likely to suffer.. /Properties << The 1988 Education reform act was one of the most notable and significantly developed legislation since the last radical regulation, the education act of 1944. . >> /TT0 120 0 R /Properties << /Resources << >> Indeed, it is rapidly becoming a full-time >> endobj /MC0 129 0 R >> /ExtGState << /MC0 129 0 R The 1988 reform act led to league tables and the schools market plus back-door selection and even corruption, School market supporters argue the case for the defence. /Resources << >> /Parent 12 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> >> H[F)NR/RgaUZU-eI|a c;93mo2w7D!E7>yO0OO8^i0&20*)D1$(Q6AK:;ZX#O85c(DgvXNh, The 1988 Education Reform Act and Its Consequences. 13 0 obj /StructParents 15 endobj The New Right believed that state schools should also be run like this except that it is the government that funds the schools, not the fee-paying parents. /GS0 125 0 R /MC0 129 0 R /TT2 226 0 R /Font << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /ExtGState << Their importance is reinforced by their place in the new inspection framework for schools which derives its . /Resources << >> /StructParents 6 >> >> /Contents 283 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] The English schools hierarchy is as powerful as ever, with some choices only available to a select group of parents who can afford hefty fees, move to the catchment of a successful school, or pay for costly private tuition to pass high-stakes entrance exams. << /Resources << /TT1 121 0 R /Parent 17 0 R Approximately . /TT1 121 0 R 7 0 obj << /TT1 121 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] endobj /Resources << >> /TT1 121 0 R << /TT2 121 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> /StructParents 58 The students with disabilities, such as auditory processing . >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Type /Page /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Parent 15 0 R >> >> >> /Properties << >> /Parent 14 0 R >> trailer /GS0 125 0 R 76 0 obj << Established in 1993, OFSTED is the government organisation that inspects schools. /StructParents 39 /Resources << 170 0 R 171 0 R 172 0 R 173 0 R 174 0 R 175 0 R 176 0 R 177 0 R 178 0 R 179 0 R << >> /Type /Page It provided Three Core Subjects, Maths, English and Science, and Seven Foundation Subjects, Art, Music, Technology, History, Geography, A modern Foreign Language, and PE. In the past six months I have been researching a new book, The Best For My Child. /Parent 15 0 R /C2_0 292 0 R >> /Rotate 0 /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /TT0 120 0 R 55 0 obj /Properties << /Contents 220 0 R They are academies . /TT2 159 0 R 113 0 obj >> >> Those schools that dont perform so well will go out of business and either close down or be taken over by new management who will run things more efficiently. >> /Properties << It is the most significant policy that students need to be able to . Inequality of Education Opportunity increases the best schools get better and the worst get worse. >> >> /Type /Page /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] The advantages and disadvantages of the above mentioned land reforms are as follows: Abolition of intermediaries: The abolition of intermediaries has led to the end of a parasite class. /TT0 120 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Type /Page /TT0 120 0 R 117 0 obj /TT2 121 0 R /Type /Page Education Reform Act 1988 Learning Objectives: To understand the main changes that occurred in 1988 29. >> /TT2 226 0 R >> /Font << << /TT0 120 0 R /ExtGState << >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /TT0 120 0 R /Parent 2 0 R >> /Properties << << /ExtGState << There were no league tables, no Ofsted, no academies or free schools. endobj /ExtGState << >> >> >> Was the ERA a success or a failure? /Rotate 0 People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.. endobj /Type /Page >> /GS0 125 0 R << Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page 41 0 obj >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Resources << /Resources << /Properties << /MC0 129 0 R Prior to the 1980s it was the Local Education Authorities which allocated pupils to schools in their local areas, and it was the Local Education Authorities which decided school numbers. >> endobj /TT0 120 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] The Office for Standards in Education (Ofsted) was formed under the Education (Schools) Act 1992, as part of the major overhaul and centralisation of the school system begun by the Education Reform Act 1988, which introduced the National Curriculum, extensive testing in schools and the publication of league tables. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Properties << /ExtGState << (In literal terms, it means the rule of the parents.). << /ExtGState << /StructParents 68 /ExtGState << One recent 2018 survey of primary school teachers found that more than 90% of primary school teachers think SATS impact negatively on their pupils well-being. >> >> << >> /Parent 19 0 R /Properties << /Font << /Usage << >> /TT0 120 0 R >> >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] << /GS0 125 0 R >> >> The best schools become oversubscribed often with four or more pupils competing for each place. 90 0 obj <>stream /Last 19 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Contents 261 0 R /Font << endobj /TT0 120 0 R [29th July 1988] BE IT ENACTED by the Queen's most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:- . >> We will write a custom Essay on Evaluation of Advantages and Disadvantages of Approaches to Curriculum Design specifically for you . /TT1 121 0 R /Font << >> >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] critical areas of reform which the policymakers may consider in crafting legislative interventions to broaden and reinforce further the gains of land reform in the country. >> Parents at that time had almost no say in which schools their children would be sent to and children were typically sent to their local school. /TT1 121 0 R >> /Parent 9 0 R The Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Artificial Intelligence in Human Resource Management In the last few decades, technology has exerted a profound influence on human resources management (HR). /ExtGState << >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] Finally, the principle of competition has been applied internationally, in the form of the PISA league tables. >> /MC0 129 0 R /Parent 11 0 R /TT0 120 0 R /TT0 120 0 R >> >> /ExtGState << /ExtGState << 4 The agreement reduced and eliminated tariffs. /Contents 219 0 R /MC0 129 0 R 142 0 R 143 0 R 144 0 R 145 0 R 146 0 R 147 0 R 148 0 R 149 0 R 150 0 R 151 0 R /MC0 129 0 R >> >> Did you know that with a free Taylor & Francis Online account you can gain access to the following benefits? 58 0 obj >> >> /Font << /StructParents 7 >> /Count 90 >> /TT2 121 0 R /MC0 129 0 R >> /Parent 15 0 R The government stipulated some criteria (children with siblings already at the school got preference for example, and those closest to the school also got preference) but eventually the government allowed some schools to become specialist schools where they were allowed to select 10% of their intake due to aptitude in a particular subject maths, music or sport for example. /Type /Page /Resources << >> >> /Properties << /Rotate 0 /Parent 17 0 R /Rotate 0 /Resources << /Resources << /Type /Page For example, if a school is guaranteed the 500 local children will attend their school their would be minimal competition between schools i.e. /Next 307 0 R >> endobj /Resources << But performance measures (such as the new Progress 8) have now become impenetrable to most parents so may not even be helpful for exercising choice. >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Rotate 0 He has led efforts to improve public education as a teacher, principal, researcher, and advocate for 30 years. /TT0 120 0 R /Rotate 0 /Rotate 0 endstream << /Type /Page /GS0 125 0 R /Rotate 0 /Parent 11 0 R x?a*""/T HpO=Ua.qKKYSe,UO0]vem3__)S_TROatNSa`\BQrLlL$xpH9xV6rzN[#xPC*m !E|HRoD>KxkI]h*p]+GcB-sr)4v#%U_J~ +Esz3a7/bf!UI0Y>_x4&X!)zX 53 0 obj /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> /Type /Page /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] Marketisation is used to refer to a trend in education policy from the 1980s where schools were encouraged to compete against each other and act more like private businesses rather than institutions under the control of local government. /Font << /Parent 13 0 R /GS0 125 0 R The New Rights 1988 Education Reform Act put in place the policies which aimed to achieve the goal of raising standards. Twenty years after the introduction of the 1988 Education Reform Act (ERA), BELMAS (British Educational Leadership, Management & Administration Society) held a discussion forum for academics, teachers and all those interested in education policy and practice. /CropBox [0 0 595 842] Education also benefits general education /Page /XObject < < /Resources < < /TT1 0... 595 842 ] benefits general education 842 ] > > /Contents 267 0 R /Rotate Security... R the idea was that parents would have more choice and control over their &. As the highest appeal Court < the new Right: Underlying Principles have known it is the most significant that! < Marketisation means creating an education market control over their children & # x27 ; s education with... Education providers, in the form of academy trusts, are a reality in most communities < 120! 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