rise of kingdoms france and germany were both once part of what kingdom

France and Germany were both once part of what Kingdom? The cities replaced fiefs as population centers. The end of the Mongol empire may have been the most significant factor that drove Europeans to the seas, but it was by no means the only one. According to an official report, when the soldiers reached the city they were so upset by the corruption of the Roman clergy that they committed atrocities. A terrified Pope Clementone of Francis's allieslocked himself in a tower, but he was soon placed under arrest by the Spanish. A nationalistic spirit began to emerge among the English, however, with a campaign launched by King Henry V, whose everyday language was English. One of the first to seek the Northwest Passage was John Cabot, an Italian navigator financed by King Henry VII of England. Although aware of Nevertheless, he was convinced that the coast of Japan lay only a short distance west of his original landing point. The majority of Moriscos were farm laborers, though many worked in trades such as the silk and leather industries. John IV ushered in Portugal's silver age, the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, when the wealth of Brazil once more made Lisbon one of the most brilliant European capitals. In 1094 Henry of Burgundy was given the county of Portugal by the king of Castile and Len for his success against the Moors. At the town of Tilbury, Elizabeth reviewed her small land army, which was clearly inadequate to take on the Spanish forces. In 1563 and 1565, Philip's troops managed to repel Turkish attacks on Oran, a port city in Algeria, and on the island of Malta, a Spanish stronghold in the Mediterranean near Sicily. In 1485 Henry's forces defeated Richard's armies at the Battle of Bosworth Field. At the time, there were several factors which prevented the restoration of the empire as it had been in the 18th century, notably the rise of larger, more consolidated kingdoms in Germany, such as Bavaria, Saxony and Wrttemberg, as well as Prussia's interest in becoming a great power in Europe (rather than continue being a vassal to the . The enormous strain of directing such a massive empire had taken a toll on Charles. The quest for Asian ports began in Portugal as revenge against the African Muslims, long-time enemies of Portuguese Christians. Elizabeth was followed by James VI of Scotland, who became King James I of England (ruled 160325). Hotels are a thing in Sri Lanka too and they come in many flavours. Columbus was of course mistaken: he had landed somewhere in the Bahamas, in the Caribbean Sea. In 2022, the game reached its peak. Edward was returned to the throne. They had heard stories about people being burnt black by the sun in the hot climate and about vicious sea monsters and giants lurking under the sea. Under terms of the peace agreement, the Treaty of Brtigny (1360), the kingdom of France was divided and the southwest region was formally given to the king of England. Many Spanish ships broke up on the west coast of Ireland, and only half of the Armada eventually returned to Spain. They did not inflict any serious damage, so on August 6 the Armada anchored at Calais (a French town on the Strait of Dover on the Channel) to await reinforcements. Edward and his brother were soon murdered, and many suspected that Richard had killed them. Unlike the other European countries that played a prominent role in the Renaissance period, Spain was heavily influenced by Africa and the Middle East. The stage was set for what was then, and is perhaps still, the greatest ocean voyage ever accomplished: the circumnavigation of the globe. In pursuit of the second he led France, in 1635, into the Thirty Years' War (16181648), a series of conflicts fought mainly in Germany over many social, political, and religious issues (see "Thirty Years' War" in Chapter 6). Tensions began in 1455 when Richard, the duke of York, tried to overthrow the weak and mentally disturbed King Henry VI (14211471; ruled 142261 and 147071). In these lands Europeans could find exotic merchandise and foods that had never been known in Europe. kingdom definition: 1. a country ruled by a king or queen: 2. an area that is controlled by a particular person or. In 1527 Henry began demanding a divorce from Catherine so he could marry Anne Boleyn (c. 15071536), an attendant in the court of Queen Claude of France. Reliable maps of the known world, which previously had been closely guarded as state secrets, were becoming available to seafarers. Edward was a talented military leader, but his weaknesses were laziness, cruelty, and a hesitancy to call meetings of the Parliament. scholars. Along the route, the Portuguese started trading posts and supply stations, often by fighting off natives who tried to repel the intruders. troops at the famous Battle of the Spurs (1513), in which the French made a hasty retreat, leaving several towns in northern France under English control. Some influential members of the house of York, such as Richard Neville (14281471), the earl of Salisbury, sided with the Lancasters. Among them were Drake, John Hawkins (15321595), and Martin Frobisher (c. 15351594). The three young monarchs bitterly competed for the title of Emperor, but the rivalry was especially intense between Francis and Charles. The great soldier Bertrand du Guesclin (pronounced gay-klahn; c. 13201380) succeeded in driving the English from all French territory except Calais and the Bordeaux region. These people would thus profit from the continuation of the Reformation. He also knew that Joanna experienced bouts of emotional instability and might not have control over Philip. and defeating England in the Hundred Years' War. They had closely studied the advanced civilizations of past times and their own era. The king was a member of the house of Lancaster, and many blamed him for the loss of the Hundred Jews became highly influential in Spain from the tenth through the twelfth centuries, a period that is often called the "Golden Age" of Jewish history. The successful siege ended a five-year Spanish offensive that conquered more than thirty rebel Dutch towns and maintained Spanish and Catholic control of the southern provinces of the Netherlands until 1714. But in May 1527, Charles's soldiers made a massive assault on the city and caused extensive damage. Q: What is the native language of Cleopatra VII, otherwise known as Cleopatra Queen? went on a rampage that is now called the "German Fury" and sacked Rome. In ." Purchasing the works of Italian painters Michelangelo, Raphael, and Titian, Francis also invited some of the finest Italian artists of the day to come to France. At the bottom were serfs (peasants), who farmed the fiefs but were not given land of their own. Then a powerful stormthe "Great Protestant Wind," as the English called itswept through the Channel and forced the Spanish vessels away from England. The old and brutal duke was again successful, and the vast dominions of Portugal fell into Philip's hands. In the course of the argumentation the actual history of state formation and the gradual emergence of the idea of the state are . The French returned in 1499, however, this time to take Naples and Sicily from the Sforzas. By Julie E. Hughes (Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 2013) 304 pp. This dramatic event came about when the Habsburgs, the royal family that controlled Spain, rejected Mary as the future wife of the fourteen-year-old Charles I, who was to become king of Spain (see "Spain" section later in this chapter). By 1529, Francis had signed the Treaty of Cambrai, which repeated the humiliating terms of the earlier Treaty of Madrid. Richard was killed in the battle and Henry took the throne as King Henry VII (ruled 14851509). The two great civilizations of the New World, the Aztecs and the Incas, were conquered by these explorers, who killed the native leaders and placed themselves in the existing top social class. The French and Spanish monarchs Some collections remained in cathedrals that had earlier been associated with monasteries, like Canterbury and Dudiam, while others were acquired by Oxford and Cambridge universities or by private collectors. The Moors surrendered Toledo to the Christians in 1085. They made the European discovery of the Cape of Good Hope, Brazil, and Labrador. James's reign was troubled by his insistence upon ruling by divine right (the concept that a king is chosen directly by God). Finally, Henry acted on advice from his chief minister, Thomas Cromwell (c. 14851540), and simply announced that the pope had no authority in England. Nevertheless, the monarchs were able to apply the same policies to both kingdoms. He was also being advised on Habsburg policies by Guillaume de Croy, Sieur de Chievres. There were two main dynasties that ruled the Franks during the Middle Ages, the Merovingian Dynasty and the Carolingian Dynasty. They knew that At that time France was severely weakened by a wave of epidemics (widespread outbreaks of disease) that began with the Black Death (bubonic plague) in 1348 (see "Black Death" in Chapter 1). A major threat to Elizabeth's security were various plots associated with Mary Stuart (15421587), queen of Scots (ruled Scotland, 154267). For years Elizabeth gave her protection in England, even though Mary was in line for the English throne because she was a granddaughter of King James IV (14731513; ruled 14881513) of Scotland and Margaret Tudor (14891514). In the process, he helped bring the Italian Renaissance to France. Francis's reign had an impressive beginning. popular route to China and the Spice Islands. and the southwestern United States. In 1474 the king and queen started the Spanish Inquisition to enforce Christianity as the sole religion of Spain. At that time, however, the pope was considered to be God's representative on Earth and the supreme authority in all religious and political matters, so a king was expected to accept the pope's decision. In the 1300s the Catalans had been given the privilege of taxing themselves and voting subsidies (additional funds) for the crown only if they wanted to do so. Crowned King William I of England (also known as William the Conqueror; ruled 106687), he introduced French language and culture into that country. To many Europeans at the time, this was Philip's most impressive achievement. National sovereignty was restored by the revolution of 1640. Royal Family of Denmark. France and Germany were both once part of what Kingdom? The third group from North Africa were Muslim Arabs and Berbers (wandering tribes) called Moors. Parr and Anne of Cleves outlived Henry, who died in 1547. Merovingian Kingdom. He led an army of 37,000 men against a Spanish army of equal numbers. The English Protestant queen, Elizabeth I, was worried about the Catholic advance in the Low Countries. The French also occupied the province of Navarre during the Comuneros Revolt in Spain. On August 6, Medina-Sidonia anchored his fleet at Calais to await contact with Parma. "The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and Spain Jane was proclaimed queen in 1553, but after only nine days she was imprisoned for high treason as a result of the plot to make her queen. While the French fought on in Naples, the Spaniards moved into other parts of Italy. Court masques (plays in which actors wear masks), some of them written by the dramatist Ben Jonson (15721637), were based on classical myths. Previously, Henry had opposed Luther and was rewarded by the pope with the title "Defender of the Faith." During his reign classical learning continued to dominate education and literature. In 1554 he formed an alliance between Spain and England by arranging for his son Philip II (15271598; ruled 155698) to marry the Catholic English queen, Mary I (see "England" section previously in this chapter). The Spanish then invaded France, taking Toulon and other parts of southeast France. MadLife. As a result, Spain was given control of Italy in the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrsis in 1559. The French king was not confined like most prisoners: He hunted regularly, enjoyed the companionship of his nobleman comrades, and attended numerous dinners given in his honor. Vespucci's voyage made it clear that a westerly sea route to Asia had not been found. In this case the favorite was Gaspar de Guzmn (15871645), who was given the title of count-duke of Olivares. These two buildings introduced to England the classical style of such Italian Renaissance architects as Andrea Palladio (15081580). The first successful English colony, founded in Virginia in 1607, was named in the king's honor: Jamestown. Renaissance thought emphasized pursuit of the arts and sciences, the achievement of personal glory, and commercial expansion. LORD SHIVAJI. These requests raised a question about rights to sea routes. Not long after Columbus's discovery of the New World in 1492, Pope Alexander VI ordered that the newly discovered lands be divided between Spain and Portugal. Vasco Nuez de Balboa (14751519) traveled across the Isthmus of Panama, and Juan Ponce de Len (14601521) searched for the mythical Fountain of Youth in Florida. During a famous confrontation with the emperor, the German priest refused to budge on his controversial views. The Castilian nobility were alarmed by this development because they knew a Spanish king would limit their power. The Waldensians were advocates of the views of Peter Waldo (also known as Pierre Valds; d. before 1218), an early French religious reformer who protested against corruption in the Catholic Church. The state are Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 2013 rise of kingdoms france and germany were both once part of what kingdom 304 pp most impressive.... Soldiers made a massive empire had taken a toll on Charles repeated the humiliating of... 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These lands Europeans could find exotic merchandise and foods that had never been in. Scotland, who was given rise of kingdoms france and germany were both once part of what kingdom county of Portugal by the revolution of 1640 edward was talented...

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