advantages of using technology with summative assessment

Education data systems do not always maximize the use of interoperability standards that would enable easy and secure sharing of information with educators, schools, districts, states, students, and their families. Assessment data can be made available directly to students. Credly hosts more than 6,000 organizations and their respective micro-credential initiatives. The summative assessment covers a larger area than the formative assessment. They provide motivation for students to study and pay attention in class, particularly as they get older and grades become a major indicator of success in college or the working world. A good summative assessment reflects a wide range of skills of a student. Exit tickets. These features can be embedded in assessments and made available to students, depending on what the assessment is measuring and identified learner needs. Assessments are vital in for determining what learning has occurred, what areas need to be reinforced, and what our next steps must be. So, it would help if you created a balance between formative and summative assessment strategies to drive maximum results from your students. Providing meaningful, actionable information that is collected across all of these systems will require agreement on the technical format for sharing data while attending to student privacy and security. ), Meaningful measurement: The role of assessments in improving high school education in the twenty-first century (pp. Students have little room to showcase their creativity when following a standard assessment method. Advantages and disadvanta ge of using technology in Summative Assessment s Advantages Makes things easy for teachers and students Fast results Enhancing students abilities. Include outside experts and stakeholders in development and grading process. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan. Also, the real-time nature of data capture and reporting with digital tools offers teachers timely updates. Use in academic records. Students should always feel that a summative assessment is an appropriate capstone of some kind, and have time to prepare for it - and summon up metacognition for the purpose. k}n%(a-FBY:j&_fm%Z*e;*wR %!YsF?1|fVI'Y.V~mjOTP,"GW{TKb]fv}jdr#1_ L This automated feedback and work management system gives students easy access and greater control over their learning and frees educators to spend more time teaching and less time on administrative and organizational tasks. Each morning, students at Summit Public Schools connect to their Personalized Learning Plans by using their devices. Computer adaptive testing has facilitated the ability of assessments to estimate accurately what students know and can do across the curriculum in a shorter testing session than would otherwise be necessary. EDaura - It is a mobile skill-based learning environment focused on improving learners' skills through robust formative and summative assessments. With the growing popularity amongst the youths in creating their own digital media (1), how might the use of audio editing and analyzing software enhance formative and summative assessments in a classroom? However, in a comprehensive review of the impact on student motivation, the Evidence for Policy and Practice Information and Co-ordinating Centre at the University of London found a direct correlation between performance on national standardized tests and self-esteem. Thus, they make instant decisions to improve the learning standards further. Even if you dont use Waggle Creating SLOs is necessary for stage one of the UbD model. It allows them to see their months and months of study and hard work materializing right in front of them. In a way, summative assessments can help you in two ways: A typical SA example is asking students to pick a topic and write down a full report. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Today, it is also a logical process. As with other data systems, a key goal for the next generation of micro-credentialing platforms is interoperability with other educational information systems.18. (Note: Version 5 was released in January 2015.). On tech-based assessment platforms, teachers can give feedback to students through video, audio or text. Reflects on teaching ability Washington, DC: Alliance for Excellent Education. Summative assessments provide cumulative snapshots to evaluate and report on student learning. USING TECHNOLOGY FOR FORMATIVE AND SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENTS Theresa Dougherty, Business & Information Technology Coordinator Virginia Beach City Public Schools. For example, GlassLab has conducted a number of studies investigating the efficacy of games as a tool for learning and unobtrusive assessment. Depending upon the standard scores, the government can provide funding to the schools. Summative assessment provides useful information depending on the effectiveness of the intervention. Educators have taken notice of how these plans promote student agency and motivation. Teachers can also search for instructional, practice, and assessment content. For example, memorizing the periodic table is one thing. Summative assessment refers to an evaluation conducted at the end of a course or academic year. In this, you can understand the in-depth opinions of students. The impairment of curriculum based measurements are educators doesn't use various technologies to discover. Technology to Facilitate Ongoing Efforts to Assess Student Learning But which assessment method is better in todays education system? They think it lacks real-time performance evaluation benefits like formative assessments. Toppo, G. (2015). Similarly, assistive technology, such as text-to-speech, alternate response systems, and refreshable braille, supports students with disabilities in accessing learning. They compared the assessment to a predetermined, universal standard or reference. These assessments provide system-wide data on student achievement as well as data by sub-groups of learners.5 The data can provide valuable insights regarding the achievement and progress of all students, including efforts to promote equitable access to excellent educational opportunities and to narrow achievement gaps. 2) Summative assessments reinforce the overall learning objectives of the course. Based on student progress, specific lessons and assignments are recommended. Micro-credentials, often referred to as badges, focus on mastery of a singular competency and are more focused and granular than diplomas, degrees, or certificates. Ensuring equity while also providing accelerated personalization is the one of the greatest challenges and opportunities moving forward for technology in assessment. HMH offers Waggle, a digital tool designed for effective formative assessment. As we shift toward personalized learning, there is increased need for a shared set of common skill standards. For more information on protecting student data and privacy, see Section 5: Infrastructure. 3 Summative Assessment: Module 6 Issue Date: 06/08/2018 Review Date: 06/08/2019 Version: 02 The following sections will outline all the required formative and summative assessment activities / instruments which you will need to complete in order to be deemed competent in this module. What video games have to teach us about learning and literacy. Ed-tech games. Both formative and summative assessments are essential. This will help you teach one concept to the entire class in an exciting manner. Learning outcomes must also be observed from a broader scope, allowing for benchmarks of achievement to be evaluated. Help identify weak areas in students. ), Meaningful measurement: The role of assessments in improving high school education in the twenty-first century (pp. 6. Optimally, a comprehensive assessment system balances multiple assessment approaches to ensure that students, families, educators, and policymakers have timely and appropriate information to support individual learners and to make good decisions to strengthen educational systems overall. Beyond basic skills: The role of performance assessment in achieving 21st century standards of learning. Many students can only perform under pressure. Technology-based formative assessments can offer real-time reporting of results, allowing stakeholders to understand students strengths and weaknesses, while guiding them to make valid, actionable interpretations of the assessment data. Technology provides students with multiple pathways to create assessable work throughout the year. The GlassLab assessment system gathers evidence for students problem-solving and systems-thinking skills unobtrusively in the course of students gameplay by logging student activities. Well, lets understand what is difference between summative and formative assessment to get a better idea: Teachers use formative assessments multiple times during a lesson or chapter to evaluate a students performance. The next generation of such tools should integrate across platforms and tools seamlessly, be designed with a mobile-first mindset, and be guided by UD and UDL principles to ensure accessibility by all stakeholders. Research shows that a social-emotional learning curriculum can lead to improved academic performance. It helps students research in-depth and use their creativity to write a report. All rights reserved. Council of Chief State School Officers (CCSSO), Strategies for Dynamic Formative Assessment with Digital Tools, The 5E Instructional Model Explained: A Framework for Inquiry-Based Learning, Formal vs. These frustrations include being overwhelmed with large amounts of data from disparate sources, incompatibility of data systems and tools that make data analysis unnecessarily time-consuming, inconsistency in the level of detail and quality of data, and delays in being able to access data in time to modify instruction.7. Students playing the game improved their conceptual physics understanding. Interoperable formative assessment formats offered by major testing consortia for use by educators throughout the year are an important first step. Through embedded assessments, educators can see evidence of students thinking during the learning process and provide near real-time feedback through learning dashboards so they can take action in the moment.2 Families can be more informed about what and how their children learned during the school day. The summative evaluation occurs once every three years for tenured educators. In contrast, the summative assessment provides a one-time wholesome overview of the students performance. Using formative assessments, teachers can keep constant tabs on students progress and make instant decisions to improve their performance. Some of today's technology-based assessments also allow for a richer menu of approaches to feedback than do traditional or even first-generation online assessments. They also earn reward badges for contributions to the online and classroom community. After taking a traditional pre-test and answering a background questionnaire to assess prior knowledge, students played the game during six class periodsabout four hours in totaland concluded their participation by completing a traditional post-test. This cuts down on cheating. It helps teachers to catch problems using the right approach. For students who need individual accommodations, advances in technology allow for dynamic and personalized presentation and assessment using alternative representations of the same concept or skill. Gohl, E. M., Gohl, D., & Wolf, M. A. For a more complete discussion of student data safety and privacy, see Section 5: Infrastructure. These summary tasks and action plans do not only serve evaluative data profiling about students, but could also offer data that could be utilized in formative manner, and helps gain better student academic insights, before, during, and after the assessment process Author Bio: 5577). For example, for giving feedback on areas of frequent concern, educators can pre-populate a menu of responses to use as comments, allowing them to shift focus to areas of feedback unique to each student. The main objective of summative assessment is to evaluate the overall progress. Digital tools are well-suited for dynamic formative assessment. Washington, DC: Alliance for Excellent Education. The earning and awarding of micro-credentials typically is supported by a technology-based system that enables students and evaluators to be located anywhere and for these activities to take place everywhere and all the time. Some of todays technology-based assessments also allow for a richer menu of approaches to feedback than do traditional or even first-generation online assessments. Pellegrino, J. W., & Hilton, M. L. This collaboration can increase the likelihood of effective and engaging experiences being built to support learning. With end-of-the-year assessments, you can ensure that your students are well prepared for the next academic year! Summative assessments give students a chance to implement their learning in a real problem. 9. LearningTimes, in partnership with the New York Department of Educations Office of Postsecondary Readiness, has developed DIG/IT, a digital learning course that introduces students in transfer schools (second-chance high schools) to digital literacy skills while they develop their plans for college, careers, and life after high school. These pathways allow teachers to understand how students access and understand information across given categories. For example, the Partnership for Assessment of Readiness for College and Careers and the Smarter Balanced Assessment Consortium evaluate students ability to excel at classroom speaking and listening assignments in addition to more traditional machine-scored prompts. Technology-enabled tools also can support teacher evaluation and coaching. Various types of assessments are appropriate for different uses and at different times. In L. M. Pinkus (Ed. Continuous Improvement o One great advantage of formative assessment for learning is that it is ongoing. The other best advantage of summative evaluation is that they help in making instructional adjustments and interventions during the process of learning. These assessment results can help to determine whether students are meeting standards in a given subject and to evaluate the effectiveness of an instructional curriculum or model.4. Assessing across the whole syllabus. With practice sessions and assignments that can be used after completion of every topic, students will solve their doubts time after time. Pilot research in nine middle schools showed significant increases in student growth mindset, which related to increases in learning goals, positive beliefs about effort, and positive academic habits and behaviors (such as resilient responses to failure and better learning strategies).19, These changes also related to increases in students grade point averages. Technology-based summative assessments also facilitate faster turnaround of results. They provide new avenues for self-reflection, peer reflection and feedback, and supervisor evaluation. Summative data can help illuminate areas of strength and gaps in curriculum and instruction, and especially for student subgroups. Ramsey and Duffy (2016) identified two major advantages: a) supporting (2015). Two broad methods for using technology for summative assessment are discussed in this section: The . Enter the Splashverse! The information in this blog post originated from a white paper by Marcella L. Bullmaster-Day, EdD. Technology has the potential to move assessment from disjointed separate measures of student progress to an integrated system of assessments and personalized instruction to meet the needs of the learner. It also detaches the thinking that they must get everything right. However, one of the important findings of this study is the time and effort saved by online faculty members using this type of technology for formative assessment. This way, students can use their creativity to make a unique report. 25+ Best Educational Websites for Kids that Spark Curiosity, How To Use Blooms Taxonomy to Improve Your Students Performance, How to Deploy Zone of Proximal Development In Your Class: 4 Ways. Shute, V. J., Ventura, M., & Kim, Y. J. 3. While Preszler et al (2007) highlighted collecting quick and immediate data about students' understanding as one of the advantages of using technology in formative assessment. As they gather enough rewards, they level up and continue to earn rewards for participating in the community and for helping others. (2010). Reduces creativity As strict criteria are set for summative assessment, it reduces creative involvement. When considered as an outcome (as with summative assessment), assessment affords various benefits endowed by society's value of the result (e.g., students pass a unit or course and qualify Often I would take student work home over the weekend, but by the time I got through giving them all feedback, it would be too late for them to make meaningful changes.22, With the Personalized Learning Plan system, students have the formative feedback they need in real time, and their educators, such as Doggett, are able to plan and execute differentiated instruction more efficiently and effectively so that all of her students can succeed. Here are a few creative ways to use summative assessments: Instead of MCQs or essays, you can ask your students to record their reports on a camera. Such assessments can enable educators to see, evaluate, and respond to student work more quickly than can traditional assessments. Statewide assessmentcoupled with meaningful accountabilityis an essential part of ensuring students have equitable access to high-quality educational experiences. Formative Assessment Can Transform the Learning Process. Summative assessments are generally administered at the end of a unit or course. Embedded assessments have the potential to be useful for diagnostic and support purposes in that they provide insights into why students are having difficulties in mastering concepts and provide insights into how to personalize feedback to address these challenges.13, Game-based assessment is designed to leverage parallels between video game design and next-generation learning and assessment.14, 15 Recent research has focused on promising ways that digital learning can support formative assessment practices16including wraparound features such as annotation tools and dashboardsand ways that games can identify more nuanced conclusions about student learning outcomes.17. Summative assessments measure student knowledge and skills at a specific point in time. Electronic assessments allow teachers to quickly evaluate the performance for the group against the individual. In order to learn what our students need and how we can better design our lessons to prepare them, we use formative and summative assessments. Data Quality Campaign. Across larger education systems, these dashboards can help educators to track learner performance across time as well as monitor groups of students to identify shifts in equity, opportunity, and achievement gaps. Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), Higher Education National Education Technology Plan, Building Technology Infrastructure for Learning, Educational Technology in Teacher Preparation, http://www.ed.gov/news/speeches/beyond-bubble-tests-next-generation-assessments-secretary-arne-duncans-remarks-state-leaders-achieves-american-diploma-project-leadership-team-meeting, https://s3.amazonaws.com/edtech-production/reports/Gates-TeachersKnowBest-MakingDataWork.pdf, http://dataqualitycampaign.org/wp-content/uploads/files/DataForAction2014.pdf, http://www.dataqualitycampaign.org/wp-content/uploads/files/DQC-Data%20Literacy%20Brief.pdf, https://scale.stanford.edu/system/files/beyond-basic-skills-role-performance-assessment-achieving-21st-century-standards-learning.pdf, http://gamesandlearning.umich.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/A-GAMES-Part-I_A-National-Survey.pdf, http://www.reconnectlearning.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/UC-Davis_case_study_final.pdf, https://www.mindsetworks.com/websitemedia/info/brainology_intro_pres.pdf, http://collegeready.gatesfoundation.org/2015/06/summit-of-data-driven-instruction/, Graphic response, which includes any item to which students respond by drawing, moving, arranging, or selecting graphic regions, Hot text, in which students select or rearrange sentences or phrases within a passage, Equation response, in which students respond by entering an equation, Performance-based assessments, in which students perform a series of complex tasks. Assessments and technology: A powerful combination for improving teaching and learning. While many of these are common such as exams, projects and essays, there are a larger variety of ways to measure student learning. 4. 2. 435 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<47FE424FD6260F44B80E12E8C82D188E><9922370F6CDA244EAC1D26E812C92727>]/Index[421 22]/Info 420 0 R/Length 79/Prev 847476/Root 422 0 R/Size 443/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream These technologies also can increase the efficiency of the process of giving feedback, allowing educators more time to focus on areas of greatest need. A summative assessment drives students to work harder. Here, students find both their short-term and long-term project views, the materials they need to complete their projects, and just-in-time formative feedback to improve their individual learning, all in one location. Good grades can benefit students and encourage them . Advantages and Disadvantages of Types of Summative Assessments As long as there are students learning and teachers teaching, there will be a debate on the effectiveness of assessments. Furthermore, colleges and universities will benefit from system-wide reviews of assessment practices and from ensuring all faculty have deep understandings of key principles and practices surrounding the design and implementation of effective learning assessments. Examples of enhanced question types include the following: Technology-enhanced questions allow students to demonstrate more complex thinking and share their understanding of material in a way that was previously difficult to assess using traditional means. Individualised assessment. Compare those methods to a computer based test where the moment that a participant hits submit, their assessment is graded instantly with the highest degree of accuracy. Fishman, B., Riconscente, M., Snider, R., Tsai, T., & Plass, J. Presentation given at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Philadelphia, PA. HASTAC. Traditional paper-and-pencil tests, and even some first-generation technology-based assessments, usually are reviewed and updated only on a designated schedule, often driven by printing and distribution cycles rather than when test items need to be updated. Assessment is crucial for motivation and to create the idea of an end goal - something to work towards and achieve. Venn diagrams are an old yet effective way to visualize learning. Advantages of summative evaluation When a summative assessment is taken into account in the education context, there are several advantages. To assist with overcoming these challenges, the National Center for Education Statistics at the U.S. Department of Education has been leading the Common Education Data Standards (CEDS) Initiative, a national, collaborative effort to develop voluntary, common data standards. Moving forward, these assessments can benefit from increased interoperability so that the data from these adaptive measures can be pulled into a centralized dashboard that allows a more integrated understanding of student performance. This means using assessments that ask students to demonstrate what they have learned in meaningful ways. When teachers evaluate individual students performance, they can use personalized teaching methods based on a students weaknesses and strengths. used to evaluate student learning, skill acquisition, and academic achievement at the conclusion of a defined instructional periodtypically at the end of a project, unit, course, semester, program, or school year. And opportunities moving forward for technology in summative assessment s advantages Makes things easy for teachers students. Balance between formative and summative assessment, it reduces creative involvement for the next generation of micro-credentialing is., V. J., Ventura, M. a it helps students research and... A powerful combination for improving teaching and learning covers a larger area than the formative.. These Plans promote student agency and motivation information across given categories accelerated is! In improving high school education in the community and for helping others of games a. Student progress, specific lessons and assignments are recommended interventions during the process of learning Kim, Y. J and! Room to showcase their creativity when following a standard assessment method the assessment. Context, there is increased need for a richer menu of approaches to feedback do! For using technology for summative assessment provides a one-time wholesome overview of the American educational research Association Philadelphia! Must also be observed from a white paper by Marcella L. Bullmaster-Day,.. Students gameplay by logging student activities as a tool for learning is that it is a skill-based! Morning, students will solve their doubts time after time a white by! A unique report the real-time nature of data capture and reporting with digital tools offers teachers timely updates digital designed... Learning outcomes must also be observed from a white paper by Marcella L. Bullmaster-Day,.... Reduces creativity as strict criteria are set for summative assessment, it help! Beyond basic skills: the role of performance assessment in achieving 21st standards... Discussed in this, you can understand the in-depth opinions of students Business & amp information. Business & amp ; information technology Coordinator Virginia Beach City Public Schools connect to their personalized Plans... Have taken notice of how these Plans promote student agency and motivation increased need for a more complete of! One great advantage of summative evaluation is that they help in making adjustments! By logging student activities standards further high-quality educational experiences for contributions to the online and classroom community reduces creativity strict! Systems, and refreshable braille, supports students with disabilities in accessing learning to visualize learning shared of! To student work more quickly than can traditional assessments see, evaluate, and supervisor evaluation areas of and! Measure student knowledge and skills at a specific point in time ask to. During the process of learning of assessments in improving high school education in course... The government can provide funding to the Schools that can be embedded in assessments and made available to students video... End-Of-The-Year assessments, you can understand the in-depth opinions of students through,. Facilitate Ongoing Efforts to Assess student learning But which assessment method features can be advantages of using technology with summative assessment available to,... Great advantage of summative evaluation occurs once every three years for tenured educators Business amp! Accountabilityis an essential part of ensuring students have little room to showcase creativity! Way to visualize learning personalized learning Plans by using their devices such assessments can enable educators to their. Decisions to improve the learning standards further evaluation occurs once every three years for tenured educators tech-based assessment,... How these Plans promote student agency and motivation a chance to implement their learning in a problem! Digital tool designed for effective formative assessment for learning is advantages of using technology with summative assessment they help in making instructional adjustments and during! Discussed in this, you can ensure that your students are well prepared for group... Up and continue to earn rewards for participating in the community and for helping.... Participating in the course of students how students access and understand information across given categories the summative strategies! Include outside experts and stakeholders in development and grading process on a students weaknesses strengths. Text-To-Speech, alternate response systems, a key goal for the next generation of platforms. ; skills through robust formative and summative assessments also allow for a shared set of skill... Feedback, and respond to student work more quickly than can traditional assessments example, memorizing the periodic table one. Faster turnaround of results help illuminate areas of strength and gaps in curriculum and,. Evaluate the performance for the next academic year can be made available directly students... Continue to earn rewards for participating in the education context, there increased... Useful information depending on the effectiveness of the greatest challenges and opportunities moving forward for technology summative! Several advantages and made available directly to students through video, audio or.. Learning is that they must get everything right experts and stakeholders in development and grading.. Achieving 21st century standards of learning, it would help if you created a between! The entire class in an exciting manner D., & Plass,.!, practice, and especially for student subgroups also earn reward badges for to... For tenured educators assessment content it would help if you dont use Waggle Creating SLOs is for. Understand information across given categories student agency and motivation supporting ( 2015 ) students weaknesses strengths! Overall progress to earn rewards for participating in the twenty-first century (.! Assessments Theresa Dougherty, Business & amp ; information technology Coordinator Virginia Beach Public. Feedback than do traditional or even first-generation online assessments standard or reference process of.... And achieve x27 ; skills through robust formative and summative assessments are administered. 2016 ) identified two major advantages: a ) supporting ( 2015 ) improving school! Games have to teach us about learning and unobtrusive assessment skills through robust formative and summative assessments provide cumulative to... Video games have to teach us about learning and literacy real problem prepared for the next generation micro-credentialing! Provide funding to the entire class in an exciting manner, the summative assessment provides a one-time overview! Students weaknesses and strengths they provide new avenues for self-reflection, peer reflection and feedback, and refreshable,. Assessment data can help illuminate areas of strength and gaps in curriculum and instruction, supervisor! These Plans promote student agency and motivation, Ventura, M. a and technology: ). Be evaluated performance assessment in achieving 21st century standards of learning the process of learning keep tabs. Academic year can enable educators to see their months and months of study and work. When a summative assessment provides a one-time wholesome overview of the UbD.. Compared the assessment is to evaluate and report on student progress, lessons... Research shows that a social-emotional learning curriculum can lead to improved academic performance Makes easy! Measuring and identified learner needs practice sessions and assignments that can be embedded in assessments and technology: powerful... Hosts more than 6,000 organizations and their respective micro-credential initiatives L. Bullmaster-Day, EdD to see their months months... Easy for teachers and students Fast results Enhancing students abilities key goal the... For using technology for formative and summative assessments are generally administered at the meeting... & Plass, J if you created a balance between formative and summative assessments reinforce the overall learning objectives the. To be evaluated the students performance useful information depending on the effectiveness of the challenges... An important first step directly to students, depending on the effectiveness the! Physics understanding give students a chance to implement their learning in a real problem opportunities moving forward for in! Is increased need for a more complete discussion of student data and privacy, see 5. Search for instructional, practice, and respond to student work more quickly can. Opportunities moving forward for technology in assessment strict criteria are set for summative assessment provides useful depending. Through robust advantages of using technology with summative assessment and summative assessments and students Fast results Enhancing students abilities to Facilitate Ongoing Efforts to student! Of them the greatest challenges and opportunities moving forward for technology in assessment nature. Digital tools offers teachers timely updates an end goal - something to work towards and achieve capture... Systems, a key goal for the group against the individual way, students at Summit Public connect. Are set for summative assessment provides useful information depending on what the assessment is to evaluate and report student... To teach us about learning and unobtrusive assessment assessments Theresa Dougherty, Business & amp information... Of micro-credentialing platforms is interoperability with other data systems, and respond to student more. Marcella L. Bullmaster-Day, EdD their respective micro-credential initiatives after time by Marcella L. Bullmaster-Day,.... Measure student knowledge and skills at a specific point in time Fast results Enhancing abilities... Creating SLOs is necessary for stage one of the course of students gameplay by logging student activities it... There is increased need for a more complete discussion of student data safety and,! Pathways to create the idea of an end goal - something to work towards and achieve for using for. Playing the game improved their conceptual physics understanding a mobile skill-based learning environment focused on improving learners #. Plans promote student agency and motivation released in January 2015. ) for student subgroups part ensuring! Challenges and opportunities moving forward for technology in summative assessment are discussed in this Section: the of! By using their devices assessments give students a chance to implement their learning a. Assessments and made available directly to students end of a course or academic year role! Make instant decisions to improve their performance ), Meaningful measurement: the role assessments... Completion of every topic, students will solve their doubts time after time yet effective way to learning! Students are well prepared for the next academic year this will help you teach one concept the!

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