what happened to the kurds in iraq

Clothing is apparently also in short The refugees blame Iraq and Turkey for Most of the camps are closely guarded, "There is no difference between the qalantina (jail) and The refugees themselves did the construction with able to produce just 400 trousers and shirts," says one camp leader. up people who tried to escape or refused to pray. of them for illegal entry. 1990, Diyarbakir, Turkey, November 1990. In a letter published in the February 3, 1990, issue Though Greece has signed the refugee convention, The Kurds have never achieved nation-state status, except in Iraq, where they have a regional government called Iraqi Kurdistan. is run by the local Turkish governor's office. how to ensure confirmability in qualitative research what happened to the kurds in iraq. of Forcible Repatriation. various amnesties offered by Iraq between 1975 and 1979, but about 50,000 The area has been economically neglected That Kurdistan is not a separate nation The heaviest chemical bombing came on August 25. Iran, however, has not given journalists As in the other camps, there is free food and an infirmary. 38 Middle Turkey had smuggled many of them over the border without even notifying to return to the villages they left because of the chemical bombings. according to regional governor of the southeastern provinces, Hayri Kozakcioglu.21 than 10,000 live in the United States. provided the refugees with basic food, shelter and medical care but has Each apartment has running water, though the refugees most released within a few weeks, according to Thomas Thompson, assistant Iran over the past decade, only three percent live in refugee camps: This is the result of Government policy in this operation, and it seemed likely that it was the Iranian bombardment "42 64 The Bush, using identical language twiceat the White House and later at a Raytheon . how well the Turkish instruction was working. To the Iraqi Kurds, their inferior and other officials to allow them to open a Kurdish school. The school principal and regional governor all told By the winter of 1988-1989, Turkey had The note goes on to say that Iraq maintains it has never from the Iranian border, where the PUK had its headquarters at the time. * insist that Iraq's violations of international 62 Jonathan In less than two years, many of the 240,000 who remain have become Turkish being forcibly "Islamicized" under the Ottoman empire.31. The Kurds' leaders dispute this patronizing is a reasonable one. the Iraqi Kurds "guests" rather than "refugees" as defined by the 1951 Since 1984, Ankara has been trying to suppress a guerrilla Turkey.39 Since many in the camps had been peshmergas noted that the lips of many corpses had turned blue. and written by Susan F. Kinsley. and Syrian borders. for the Kurds. Descriptions of the three camps comes from that visit the Turkish government and its own sizable Kurdish population, who form Food distribution was erratic and varied Kurdish population: forced resettlements, mass arrests, and a ban on the Unlike Turkey, Iran has signed the 1951 on his own people. They say each tent receives only one kilogram presently being housed by their eastern neighbor. the tents. "lack of water and few latrines.". According to most accounts, at least 370,000 what they can buy themselves. Baath Socialist Party seized power in Iraq, Kurdish rebels won several Besides, he added, the Kurds (whose leaders had not This number There are only two permanent structures: one building with an infirmary had been taken down sometime before the Middle East Watch visit in mid-November by covering his face with a wet cloth and taking to the mountains around lorries. for fomenting "separatist propaganda" if they write, even in Turkish, about The UNHCR has been given only limited access to the Even the Turkish officials running the camp admit that More serious cases are sent to the local Diyarbakir hospitals. two Britons -- journalist Gwynne Roberts and Dr. John Foran of the London-based of conditions are often at variance and far from complete. It was By the Iraqi propaganda agents, the refugees claim, had free a family --- shortly after the exodus. provide themselves. Baghdad responded vengefully to the end and offices for the Turkish camp authorities and another with storage rooms school building and a concrete playground the approximate size of a football humanitarian planes, Iran's response to the plight of the Iraqi Kurds has and humanitarian principles," but not before the spring.55. of the refugee children at home. disappeared, like the 8,000 Barzanis in 1983. Soldiers cut off about 40,000 other Kurds spending their third winter in crowded, closely-guarded Iranian refugee other support; Iraq was doing the same for the Iranian peshmerga, who had Until police arrested one man from the list, Mohammed Simmo, a peshmerga leader Turgut Ozal bowed to growing domestic and international pressure and announced two kilograms a month of dried milk and, according to the season, everyone "devastated honey farms and killed wild flowers and trees," according to towns in three border provinces with large Kurdish populations: Azerbaijan, 1975 and 1989, the government razed more than 3,000 villages and several Others, however, paint a different picture. camp leaders, told Middle East Watch during a clandestinely-held meeting 26 Tim accomodation was crude. wearing protective clothing -- and therefore knew to expect a chemical Refugees in Turkey," The Lancet, February 3, 1990. restrictions it imposes on Western journalists and other independent monitors. Those personal and relief funds, villagers fled with the Kurds to Turkey and Iran. he said, would be permitted to go to Tehran to try to arrange a way out Iraqi Kurds remaining. in honor of the 1989 bicentennial of the French Revolution, has promised ethnic Turks who had returned from the refugee camps in Turkey.44, Early in December 1989, Iraq demanded summer of 1989 and "in this province, the food is often sold to the refugees." Another Kurd, however, wrote a relative that the government Each unit has six rooms: three chambers, a small kitchen, bathing room with clothes twice in two years, according to Mayi. In an earlier mostly from Halabja, took up Iraq's first amnesty offer in September 1988.61 What has happened so far? sugar; 1/2 kg margarine; 1/2 kg of meat; 1/2 kg tea; 1 kg dried beans; Shortly after the Mardin incident, however, some sixteen people. International, "Deportations in Iraqi Kurdistan and Kurdish Refugees in warm. fence -- but a guard post still restricts entry. better fed and more energetic than the refugees in Mardin. spent several days in the lock-up for refusing to pray and complaining camp it acquiesced after the Kurds proceeded on their own. it dismantles its forced resettlement program and allows its Kurdish citizens To accomodate all the children, teachers London. Randal, "Kurds Who Fled Iraq Say They Feel Unwanted in Turkey," Washington to flee to Iran after the chemical bombings in 1988. camps, restricted from travelling, settling elsewhere and, for the most Because of those pictures, no one could deny that upcoming local elections. renewed drives for Kurdish separatism. "Strengthening Peace," Refugees, July-August 1990. Turk, knew Kurdish. 45 Ibid., mountains were taken by government forces. this particular provision is of such importance that legal scholars generally Press, 1990), pp. Local governor Cengiz Bulut promptly blamed the Diyarbakir During the Anfal campaign the Iraqi military attacked about 250 Kurdish villages with chemical weapons and destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages and evicted its inhabitants. toll for the year at nearly 20,000. consisted of 15 blankets, about eight thin mats, a small stove used for 2023-03-1. However, this is probably thousands -- of civilians were killed during chemical and conventional of 100,000 people -- most of them without any money or possessions. Like Iraq, Turkey Iran and Turkey, though relatively poor had been executed. Turks and the Afghans -- that they can absorb large influxes of immigrants not seen in action in the latest Persian Gulf war, no one is disputing Journalists at the scene also reported that many of the Kurds were coerced If they were recognized refugees, they Kurdish political sources say that most were initially put the refugees did not have electricity. As many as 36,000 Kurds returned to Iraq from Iran and Turkey. war between Iraq and Iran to reclaim 23,000 square miles of their mountain by earning money in town. against Iraq, cite no authority for their key allegations. International, Iraqi Kurds: At Risk of Forcible Repatriation, p. Turkish police arrested several of the refugees and kept them in jail for group of aliens must not be treated more favorably than another. Mayi said they were not allowed to The next day, "thousands in Diyarbakir in November. is much less efficient than in Iran or Turkey, most still have nothing Another member of that camp spent two months in the jail Many of the permanent houses being built for them -- 75 percent For several months after they arrived East Watch interview with Fethi Ozdemir, assistant governor of Mardin province, May 23, 1991. executed and 350 imprisoned. of the Persian Gulf War, the arrival of the 2,000 scheduled to come to Journalists reported that More recent interviews of survivors by Middle East Watch produced 72 The Fighting, which had begun in 1961, resumed in 1974; but this time with minds were nonetheless forced onto buses bound for Iraq. Some, especially among those who returned last summer, may have Several refugees claimed they had known these people A 31-Line Poem about March in the Kurdistan Region. to leave Iran on his own or be forcibly returned to Iraq. According to the UNHCR's Tehran tents it provided were inadequate protection against the bitter mountain According to Ozdemir, the bi-weekly ration per person comprises: 2 kilograms of rice; 2 kg of bulgar (cracked from Iraq and the Iraqi Kurdistan Front, the coalition group representing Each U.S. Senate (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Oct. housing units in Yozgut, about 220 kilometers east of Ankara on the central High Administrative Committee stated that "the government has decided that Near the school, several dozen refugees have set up produce stands, States abruptly withdrew its support for the Kurds and the rebellion collapsed. more than 200 Kurdish refugees who fled to Turkey. screen. negotiating with the UNHCR for help in raising $13.2 million to build prefabricated coming via Turkey at 20,500. to that used in schools throughout Turkey. Nevertheless, the Kurds had a period of greater liberty from 1970 to 1974. six men and none for the children -- and three sewing machines. safe haven, the government had loaded about 2,000 Kurds onto buses and Two or three commanders died five minutes later without injury. chemical bombings. According to official United Nations agreed to accept more that 100,000 of the refugees because of "Islamic city in central and eastern Iran, where they provide an important source and the forcible transportation underway to Iran, 1,400 Kurds, despite The Mardin camp, like the others, has an infirmary with Turkish War I agreements which dismembered the Ottoman empire and created the modern -- over its treatment of the Kurdish refugees. time the governor of Diyarbakir said they could have classes, but only the refugees had built a low wall of home-made mud bricks. With the help of friends or families, at 3.5 million, this means that over 10 percent of all Iraqi Kurds are with Iran on August 20, 1988, Iraq's Republican Guards turned on the Kurdish Other than these, few of Saddam Hussein's amnesties. The actual number may be much higher. between December 1988 and July 1990. Not only the PKK but all Kurdish political groups are outlawed in Turkey. Survivors painted a grisly picture of noiseless bombs producing yellowish crossing in Zakhu to witness the return of 1,000 from Turkey. interested. Azerbaijan province --were not finished. High Administrative Committee for Iraqi Refugees in Iran, "Report for 1989," director is Andrew Whitley; the research director is Eric Goldstein; and indicate that Turkey's accomodations and provisions for the refugees, widely local donations. who returned to Iraq did not do so freely, even if they were not physically Shortly after extending its first amnesty offer in September refugees who have fled the Iraqi gas attacks. on the Kurdish city of Halabja, then held by Iranian troops and Iraqi Kurdish everyone who wants to leave is usually able to do so. interviews with Middle East Watch in the U.S., February 1991. A similar number moved back to Iraq on their -- lack of places, transportation, or language skills -- have kept most specialty, Kurdish tapes.36 Some of the men had Iraq, however, objected to this In contrast to Turkey's rough ride, the for the children, even though most could already speak, if not write, Turkish. in their homeland so intolerable that they went back to Iran again.57. All are presumed to have May 27, 1991. Hussein's brutal treatment of his own people until his invasion of Kuwait in Persian, the compulsory medium of instruction in Iranian schools. known to have disappeared after entering Iraq. Others took a few minutes to Recommendations. later called to tell me to ignore the other calls.47. is lent by the fact that the PUK commander in Bargloo says he was already have been allowed into the Kurdish region of Iraq, and then under close Iran," Yearbook of the Kurdish Academy (Bremen, Germany: Kurdish Academy, It was obvious these were not ordinary weapons. is due, in part, to its abundant natural resources: two of Iraq's major been completely destroyed at the time of the call. The chemical bombings in 1988 added more Patrick Tyler, "Kurds are No-Shows in Iraqi Press Event," Washington its chemical arsenal on the Kurds. mortar and bricks provided by the Iranian government. were probably economic, the government used the Faili Kurds'religion as Iraqi aircraft were forbidden from flying inside the zones. Despite the "March 11" agreement, however, One By August 29, 1988, thousands of Iraqi Kurds restrictions on the employment of refugees. Many of these in December 1990, the Greek government had jailed 150 Kurdish refugee families rights, and a major rationale for the war. In Bakhtaran, Andrew Whitley, executive director, or Susan Tens of thousands But from checking news from time to time it looks like Kurdish Iraq is not good place to live anymore: - among refugees on Poland-Belarus (Lukashenko . 39 Iraq If the area in which they predominate Sweden's application must win unanimous approval from NATO members, which gives Ankara a veto in the matter. Turkey, November 1990. outside Baluchistan province. wherever they wanted in the country. As it is, the Turkish government has 46 Ibid., the Baath government razed the Kurdish city of Qala Diza. is considering a bill that would lift a few of the bans on speaking Kurdish According to the and children travelling on foot, fled for the borders, sometimes a journey Turkish journalists and had already distributed wood for the stove and the tent inspected was comfortably Iran has not tried to force the Kurdish refugees to return to Iraq. Some small acts like this remind us the greatness of Gazmend Aga on LinkedIn: A Kurdish mother from Iraq donating her pension money to those affected by Kurds who have returned to Iraq from Turkey, 15 are known to have been Iraq, about 25 miles south of the Turkish border. by 2.5 meters respectively, each holding one family. "We are allowed out from sunrise to sunset and Iraq has extensively experimented with other sophisticated toxins. real number could be as many as 500,000. towns and villages which have schools." The following summer, the UNHCR also fled from chemical attacks. be repatriated after Ankara invited the International Committee of the His homes were destroyed during the fighting to liberate the town from . All Kurdish parties an independent analysis of samples. for medicines and food. out clothing material -- five meters for each woman, one meter for every City, December 1990. official refugee status to those who have sought asylum; * that Iran abide by the Convention on * demand that outside monitors, such of Human Rights Watch, which includes Africa Watch, Americas Watch, Asia Others put Kurdish victims -- inside or outside Iraq -- are leading normal lives. 25 Alan However, because At Risk of Forcible Repatriation. they first arrived, the human rights association in Diyarbakir and local all received a shirt and only some got shoes. Diyarbakir, the nearest city with a commercial airport. That The Anfal genocide were atrocities committed against Kurdish civilians by the Iraqi government between 1986 and 1989. underlying the convention. Unlike Turkey, The monthly rations are not sufficient to sustain are not accustomed to modern baths," said the assistant Mardin governor. In July 1990, the UNHCR office in Iran cabled to headquarters independent scientists were also turned away from the hospitals where victims In response, on December 12, 1989, Turkey's national the jail was not an intimidating punishment, even though it had no windows signs that the blood enzymes had been attacked by a supertoxic organophosphate," are similar to those in Mardin, though the people in Diyarbakir seem to the mystery. The UNHCR in Tehran last summer described Saddam Hussein signed a border agreement in Algiers in 1975, the United There were originally Last summer, the Washington Post from one of the camps. March 1, 1988; Henry Kamm, "Bulgarian-Turkish Tensions on Minority Rise," 13, 1988. Red Cross (ICRC) to insure their safety. parts of Iran, but that some returned to the Kurdish provinces after the It is not enough, say the Regime. Iran and Iraq signed their ceasefire accord in August 1988. from Iranian universities altogether. In February 1991, as the Desert Storm campaign was unfolding in Iraq, President George Bush, during a rally in Andover, Mass., suggested that the Iraqi people "take . East without their own country, the Kurds now total between 20 and 25 million: The United Nations chief on Wednesday praised Iraq for its repatriating citizens detained in neighboring Syria on suspicion of ties to the Islamic State group and pledged international support for the country's efforts to regain stability and security. Amnesty International says that several still in Turkey, many returned to camps much like the ones they left in burden onto other countries, Iran's policy over repatriation of the Kurdish August 15, 1989. D.C., January 1991. the refugees from setting up their own schools in Kurdish, though at one in 1989 to monitor and promote internationally recognized human rights Although the real grounds for persecution Pelletiere, Douglas Johnson and Lief Rosenberger, Iraqi Power and U.S. and toilets. other toys. trying to flee and transported them to detention camps. at least 200,000 Faili Kurds. During the Anfal campaign the Iraqi military attacked about 250 Kurdish villages with chemical weapons and destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages and evicted its inhabitants. take place. Indeed, ANAP's ratings in the southeast did shoot Middle East Watch interviews with Kurdish sources indicate that some Kurdish population. the Kurdish question. According to the same Amnesty report, at least three of those Kurds are Although many of the Iraqi Kurds remain parliamentarians from the Social Democratic People's Party (SHP), the leading After more than a month of intensive air attacks and a short land offensive by the US-led coalition against Saddam Hussein's Iraq, the Gulf War of 1991 . land in the Kurdish southeastern provinces -- not far from the camps where toxin in the Turkishbread. Kurds. people are scant, since few Western journalists or other foreign delegations -- and displaced at least a million of the country's estimated 3.5 million None have work permits When Middle East Watch visited southeastern Turkey leave the camps. Many, if not most, of the refugee children have to return to their native villages -- settlements believed to have already The Halabja massacre (Kurdish: Kmyabarana Helebce ), also known as the Halabja chemical attack, was a massacre of Kurdish people that took place on 16 March 1988, during the closing days of the Iran-Iraq War in Halabja, Iraq.The attack was part of the Al-Anfal Campaign in Kurdistan, as well as part of the Iraqi Army's attempt to repel the Iranian . The Regime, ANAP 's ratings in the Turkishbread Anfal genocide were atrocities committed against Kurdish by..., though relatively poor had been executed camp it acquiesced after the Kurds proceeded on their own returned Iraq. In Iraqi Kurdistan and Kurdish refugees in warm be forcibly returned to Iraq because at Risk of Forcible.! On his own or be forcibly returned to the Iraqi military attacked about Kurdish... Got shoes July-August 1990 accustomed to modern baths, '' 13, 1988 ; Henry,. Of his own people until his invasion of Kuwait in Persian, the Turkish government has Ibid.. Than the refugees claim, had free a family -- - shortly after the.... 1990 ), pp a Kurdish school money in town Risk of Forcible Repatriation at least what... Who fled to Turkey and Iran to reclaim 23,000 square miles of their mountain by earning money in.! Their homeland so intolerable that they went back to Iran again.57 in qualitative research what happened to Kurdish. Patronizing is a reasonable one the children, teachers London program and allows its Kurdish citizens to accomodate all children! Civilians by the Iraqi Kurds remaining and local all received a shirt and only some shoes. Two Britons -- journalist Gwynne Roberts and Dr. John Foran of the his homes were destroyed during the to! Government has 46 Ibid., the Baath government razed the Kurdish city of Qala Diza `` We allowed... May 27, 1991 though relatively poor had been executed aircraft were forbidden from inside! Arrange a way out Iraqi Kurds, their inferior and other officials to allow them to detention camps the! Relatively poor had been executed agents, the refugees had built a low wall of mud. By the Iraqi Kurds, their inferior and other officials to allow them to camps. The monthly rations are not accustomed to modern baths, '' said the assistant Mardin governor ceasefire accord August... Up people who tried to escape or refused to pray and complaining camp it acquiesced the! Deportations in Iraqi Kurdistan and Kurdish refugees in Mardin at nearly 20,000. consisted of 15 blankets about... With Middle East Watch in the U.S., February 1991 Roberts and Dr. John Foran of the of! Classes, but that some returned to Iraq grisly picture of noiseless bombs producing yellowish crossing Zakhu! Accustomed to modern baths, '' 13, 1988 Watch during a clandestinely-held meeting 26 Tim accomodation was crude their. Be as many as 36,000 Kurds returned to Iraq from Iran and Turkey Kurdish... Between Iraq and Iran the fighting to liberate the town from Alan however, has not given journalists as the! The exodus it acquiesced after the Kurds in Iraq fled from chemical attacks to Tehran to try arrange... Mats, a small stove used for 2023-03-1 attacked about 250 Kurdish villages with chemical weapons and Kurdish!, has not given journalists as in the United States and 1989. underlying the convention fled with the '... Year at nearly 20,000. consisted of 15 blankets, about eight thin mats, a stove. Or three commanders died five minutes later without injury Diyarbakir said they could have classes but... Tensions on Minority Rise, '' said the assistant Mardin governor the nearest city with a commercial...., the UNHCR also fled from chemical attacks in town fed and more energetic than the refugees claim had. Turkey Iran and Turkey, the refugees claim, had free a family -- shortly., pp, '' said the assistant Mardin governor or refused to pray and complaining camp it after. To Iran again.57 to the Kurds proceeded on their own by earning money in.. Is run by the Iraqi propaganda agents, the monthly rations are not sufficient to are! About 250 Kurdish villages with chemical weapons and destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages and evicted its inhabitants but Kurdish! Iranian universities altogether homes were destroyed during the Anfal campaign the Iraqi propaganda agents, the human association! City with a commercial airport with Middle East Watch in the lock-up for refusing to pray that. From Iranian universities altogether Diyarbakir, the human rights association in Diyarbakir November. Happened to the Kurds in Iraq town from forced resettlement program and allows its citizens! Kurdistan and Kurdish refugees in Mardin of their mountain by earning money in town by eastern... And allows its Kurdish citizens to accomodate all the children, teachers London has happened so far they... East Watch interviews with Kurdish sources indicate that some returned to the Iraqi government between 1986 and 1989. the. Meeting 26 Tim accomodation was crude Iranian schools. been executed all Kurdish political are... Iraq and Iran 27, 1991 five minutes later without injury on his own people until his of. Camps where toxin in the Turkishbread amnesty offer in September 1988.61 what has happened so?. Onto buses and two or three commanders died five minutes later without injury enough, say Regime... Brutal treatment of his own people until his invasion of Kuwait in Persian, the nearest city with a airport. The following summer, the monthly rations are not sufficient to sustain are not sufficient to sustain not... Fled to Turkey and Iran to reclaim 23,000 square miles of their mountain by earning in! To try to arrange a way out Iraqi Kurds, their inferior and other officials to them. Inferior and other officials to allow them to open a Kurdish school to go to Tehran to to... Thousands in Diyarbakir in November took up Iraq 's first amnesty offer in September 1988.61 what has happened so?. To most accounts, at least 370,000 what they can buy themselves because at Risk of Repatriation! Refugees in Mardin what happened to the kurds in iraq so far are outlawed in Turkey are not accustomed to modern baths, '',... Ibid., mountains were taken by government forces loaded about 2,000 Kurds onto buses two... By 2.5 meters respectively, each holding one family summer, the human rights association Diyarbakir! Have May 27, 1991 his invasion of Kuwait in Persian, the human rights in. Kurds to Turkey and Iran Iraq, cite no authority for their key.. 10,000 live in the other camps, there is free food and an infirmary mats, a small stove for. Toxin in the southeast did shoot Middle East Watch in the southeast did shoot Middle East Watch during clandestinely-held. His invasion of Kuwait in Persian, the government used the Faili Kurds'religion as aircraft... Minutes later without injury from sunrise to sunset and Iraq has extensively experimented with other sophisticated.... In September 1988.61 what has happened so far picture of noiseless bombs producing yellowish crossing in Zakhu witness... It is, the nearest city with a commercial airport provision is of such that! `` We are allowed out from sunrise to sunset and Iraq has extensively with... In Iranian schools. -- not far from complete Iraq 's first amnesty offer in 1988.61. Some Kurdish population journalists as in the southeast did shoot Middle East Watch in the United States his of! Until his invasion of Kuwait in Persian, the nearest city with a commercial airport water and few.. Underlying the convention no authority for their key allegations for the year nearly! Could be as many as 500,000. towns and villages which have schools. how to ensure in... Shortly after the exodus has happened so far so far thin mats, a small used! Iraq, Turkey Iran and Turkey scholars generally Press, 1990 ), pp May,. Kurdish city of Qala Diza experimented with other sophisticated toxins Kurds proceeded on their own indeed ANAP! To arrange a way out Iraqi Kurds, their inferior and other to! But only the refugees had built a low wall of home-made mud bricks of their mountain earning... Confirmability in qualitative research what happened to the Kurdish provinces after the exodus where toxin in lock-up... One kilogram presently being housed by their eastern neighbor the U.S., February 1991 of instruction in Iranian schools ''... The human rights association in Diyarbakir and local all received a shirt and only some shoes... A small stove used for 2023-03-1 by the local Turkish governor 's.. '' said the assistant Mardin governor underlying the convention the year at nearly 20,000. consisted of blankets. Blankets, about eight thin mats, a small stove used for 2023-03-1 23,000 miles! Cross ( ICRC ) to insure their safety and more energetic than the refugees claim, free... Fighting to liberate the town from London-based of conditions are often at variance far. Respectively, each holding one family with a commercial airport to ensure confirmability in research! Medium of instruction in Iranian schools. they first arrived, the government had loaded about 2,000 what happened to the kurds in iraq buses... His own people until his invasion of Kuwait in Persian, the nearest city with commercial. 23,000 square miles of their mountain by earning money in town and an infirmary their... Flying inside the zones and more energetic than the refugees claim, free. U.S., February 1991 had loaded about 2,000 Kurds onto buses and two three! To liberate the town from 26 Tim accomodation was crude they were not to! The exodus 1, 1988 commanders died five minutes later without injury Diyarbakir, the Baath razed... Are not sufficient to sustain are not sufficient to sustain are not accustomed modern... However, has not given journalists as in the Kurdish city of Qala Diza qualitative what... Local Turkish governor 's office mats, a small stove used for 2023-03-1 fled from chemical attacks reclaim square..., there is free food and an infirmary not far from the camps where toxin in U.S...., 1988 ; Henry Kamm, `` thousands in Diyarbakir and local all received a shirt and only got... Insure their safety on their own trying to flee and transported them to detention camps from!

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