tulsa 1921 reporting a massacre sparknotes

In 2018, Mayor G.T. The lawsuit details evidence that officials with the city of Tulsa, including police, participated in the violence of 1921 and connects that to the city's use of the massacre as a way to promote . The massacre left somewhere between 30 and 300 people dead, mostly African Americans, and destroyed Tulsas prosperous Black neighbourhood of Greenwood, known as the Black Wall Street. More than 1,400 homes and businesses were burned, and nearly 10,000 people were left homeless. There was no mob spirit among the whites, no talk of lynching and no arms. A Tulsa judge is allowing a lawsuit brought by plaintiffs including three living survivors of the 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre to officially move forward. It will air in May 2021, on the centennial of what's known as one of the worst incidents in American history of racial violence against Black people. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 2019. A furious mob of thousands of white men then surged over Black homes, killing, destroying, and snatching everything from dining room furniture to piggy banks. Parrish, who miraculously escaped death as she fled through a hail of gunfire with her young daughter, wrote: The Tulsa disaster has taught great lessons to all of us, has dissipated some of our false creeds, and has revealed to us verities of which we were oblivious. Black folks were shut out from the dominant white-led economy in what I call an economic detour. These interviews were conducted in the 1990s. We know that there were several thousand unaccounted for, Mechelle Brown, program coordinator for the Greenwood Cultural Center, told CNN during a 2016 interview. B. Mann, of Mann Brothers Grocery Store, and Black Deputy County Sheriff J. K. Smitherman (A. J.s brother), they offered their assistance to Sheriff Willard McCullough, but he persuaded them to leave. Take me. Dont shoot him! This page includes Oklahoma Historical Society resources and collections that chronicle this devastating event in our states history. On May 31 and June 1, 1921, a white mob set fire to the district, once known as "Black Wall Street," and killed up to 300 Black residents . He is a member of the Association for the Study of Classical African Civilizations and has conducted 1,820 African-American oral histories for The HistoryMakers. 1,186 pages. It should teach us to Look Up, Lift Up and Lend a Helping Hand, and remember that we cannot rise higher than our weakest brother. A Greenwood legend, Peg Leg Taylor, a veteran of the Spanish-American War, was said to have shot a dozen white men from a sniper position on Standpipe Hill. We were made to feel that our struggle was unworthy of justice and that we were less valued than whites, that we weren't fully American., Fletcher served white families for most of her life as a domestic worker. When the massacre ended on June 1, the official death toll was recorded at 10 whites and 26 African Americans, though many experts now believe at least 300 people were killed. To get started investing, check out . The city's "Black Wall Street" was among the most prosperous neighborhoods in America, and a Black utopia and then it was burned to the ground. Survivors never received government assistance or restitution for their losses. The 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre The 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre May 31-June 1, 2021, marked the 100th anniversary of the 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre. Tulsa police officers were identified by eyewitnesses as setting fire to Black homes, shooting residents and stealing. Tulsa, 1921: Reporting a Massacre (Hardcover) By Randy Krehbiel, Karlos K. Hill (Foreword by) $34.95 Add to Cart Add to Wish List Usually Ships in 1-5 Days Description In 1921 Tulsa's Greenwood District, known then as the nation's "Black Wall Street," was one of the most prosperous African American communities in the United States. The House Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties held a hearing about the Tulsa-Greenwood Race Massacre on 19 May 2021 in which three remaining known survivors - 107-year-old Viola Fletcher, Lessie Benningfield Randle (aged 106) and Hughes Van Ellis (aged 100) - experts and advocates called on Congress to IE 11 is not supported. are three times more likely to face police brutality, 43 percent of Black people own their homes. I think some readers are missing the point of this book: it's coverage *of the reporting* of the massacre, just like it says in the subtitle. An unflinching account of America's most horrific racial massacre, The Burning is essential reading as America finally comes to terms with its racial past. African-American men being detained and led down a residential street on June 1, 1921 in Tulsa, Okla. Detainees being marched through downtown Tulsa, Okla., on June 1, 1921, viewed from the roof of the Daniel Building. The setback has only compounded since then as Tulsa remains largely segregated and riddled with racial disparities. Use the links to view the interviews on YouTube. It was too late. In 1921 Tulsa's Greenwood District, known then as the nation's "Black Wall Street," was one of the most prosperous African American communities in the United States. The heart of the prosperous African-American district of Greenwood after the massacre. Summary. I still hear airplanes flying overhead. 726 pages. As city streets throbbed with protests (and what some might call uprisings) during the summer of 2020, two science fiction dramas recalled the massacre of Tulsa, Oklahoma, which took place 100 years ago this spring. This time, the police, fearing a lynching, moved Rowland from the regular jail to the top floor of the Tulsa County Courthouse for safekeeping. Could not validate captcha. Oklahoma Historical Society Oral History Collection InterviewsThis list includes interviews from the 1980s with survivors or individuals who recall the Tulsa Race Massacre. It would take the usual suspectsurban renewal, the interstate highway system, and economic integrationto sap the economy and choke the vibrancy of Deep Greenwood. But the words, an eyewitness account of the May 31, 1921, racial massacre that destroyed what was known as Tulsa, Oklahoma's "Black Wall Street," are searing. Identifier: 1989-004 An artificial collection comprised of research materials from a variety of sources, including recordings, photographs. As city streets throbbed with protests (and what some might call uprisings) during the summer of 2020, two science fiction dramas recalled the massacre of Tulsa, Oklahoma, which took place 100 years ago this spring. Turning in the direction of the scream, he saw a young black man running from the building. The 1921 Graves Public Oversight Committee is meeting virtually today to review findings from the 2021 excavation and lab analysis work. Extent. Green Currin, who participated in the Oklahoma Land Run of 1889, was elected to the Oklahoma Territorial Legislature in 1890. Even before Watchmen (which premiered in fall 2019) and Lovecraft Country (fall 2020), Black social media and public lectures promoted the hashtag #BlackWallStreet. Less than a year before, in August 1920, a white drifter, Roy Belton, had been ripped from jail by a white mob and hung in public for killing the towns favorite cab driver. (Show) Current holds 0 current holds with 1 total copy. These materials include historical accounts, text, and photographs, which may include offensive language, negative stereotypes, and descriptions of traumatic events. Every year the Tulsa Equality Indicator report comes out and it reveals and outlines alarming disparities along racial lines from policing to the life expectancy. The Guard helped round up and disarm at least four thousand African Americansmen, women, and childrenand marched them at gunpoint to makeshift detention camps at the Tulsa Convention Center and the McNulty Baseball Park as the mob in the early hours looted their homes. From WKY-TV News, this documentary shares stories of Black Oklahomans from pre-statehood to the 1970s through rare photographs and interviews. doi: https://doi.org/10.5406/jamerethnhist.40.3.0130. During this 2021 centennial of the Tulsa disaster we are reminded of the shameful legacy of white racism in Tulsa and other Black communities not that long ago. Today marks 101 years since the Tulsa Race Massacre. The final grand jury report agreed with the Tulsa City Commission that Black people were the main culprits. OHS-207 - Case Dockets #23279-23346, 1921. Omissions? OHS-201 - Commission Information and Research. Tulsa Race Riot of 1921 archive, 1920-2007 (formerly the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921 archive, 1920-2007). The night of the massacre, I was awakened by my family. It explains, "The 1921 Tulsa race massacre was one of the most serious instances of racial violence in US history. Smithermans Tulsa Star promoted the idea of the New Negro, independent and assertive. The only African American in the legislature, Currin authored Oklahomas first civil rights bill, which lost ratification by one vote as the territorial government proceeded to disenfranchise Blacks and pass its first Jim Crow laws. The other thing that happened post-massacre there are a lot of promises made by local leaders, these are white men, about rebuilding the Greenwood community, and they didn't really materialize. Many people in the white mob that destroyed the Greenwood community back in 1921 were deputized by local law enforcement. Full Report: The Case for Reparations in Tulsa. OHS-202 - Documentation, Database, and Correspondence. A portrait of lawyer Buck Colbert Franklin, taken some years before he moved to Tulsa, where he opened a practice shortly before the 1921 massacre. Alternate titles: Tulsa race riot of 1921. The law firm of Spears, Franklin & Chappelle provided legal assistance to victims. 1,229 pages. Smith 1 Izzy Smith Justin Yates ENGL 1113 10 Nov. 2020 Rhetorical Analysis: Tulsa 1921 Randy Krehbiel's book Tulsa 1921: Reporting A Massacre (2019) published by the Uni-versity of Oklahoma Press, states that newspapers can be reliable and unreliable especially dur-ing these times since it was white versus black. The panel presented perspectives representing different aspects of the states African American community. A. C. Jackson, physician and surgeon, saw patients at an office on Greenwood avenue and Archer Street. When something is stolen from you, you go to the courts to be made whole. Please check your email address / username and password and try again. The truth. The committee accomplished this by using a variety of sources that took roughly three and a half years to compile. To this day, I can barely afford my everyday needs.. Enjoy a great reading experience when you buy the Kindle edition of this book. In 1921 Tulsa's Greenwood District, known then as the nation's "Black Wall Street," was one of the most prosperous African American communities in the United States. Zola Faye Sells (H1982.052) Smitherman and his brother John, a deputy sheriff. Department of Special Collections, McFarlin Library, The University of Tulsa. In 1997 a Tulsa Race Riot Commission was formed by the state of Oklahoma to investigate the massacre and formally document the incident. Named for historian and civil rights advocate John Hope Franklin, whose father survived the massacre, the park features the Tower of Reconciliation, a 25-foot- (7.5-metre-) tall sculpture that commemorates African American struggle. Shortly after the massacre there was a brief official inquiry, but documents related to the massacre disappeared soon afterward. Four sites were identified in the City's examination: Oaklawn Cemetery, Newblock Park, an additional area near Newblock Park, and Rolling Oaks Memorial . 1 online resource (pages cm. In 2018, Radio Diaries in New York City received a $350,000 grant from NEH to support several episodes of its historical radio program and podcast, one of which, Surviving the Tulsa Race Riot, told the story of the Tulsa Race Massacre through the life and memories of Olivia Hooker, who was just six years old in 1921. In the commentary, the HBO producers mentioned that they lifted the idea of the bi-plane bombings from this book: "The Burning: Massacre, Destruction, and the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921.". Although there were plenty of shoes to shine downtown, Rowland hurried home. And so there's that dissonance between what these people think ought to be, based on white supremacy, and what actually is. Black wealth is generally one-tenth of white wealth. This event is in partnership with Magic City Books, Booksmart Tulsa, and The Black Wall Street Times . African Americans, discouraged by the failures of Reconstruction, looked west. The story of Tulsas Greenwood community, Events of the Tulsa Disaster was compiled by the Black stenographer Mary E. Jones Parrish and published by the Black community sometime after 1922. Late in the battle as gunfire was sporadic, Jackson walked back to his home, after attending to victims, with his hands up. We are asking for justice for a lifetime of ongoing harm.. Oklahoma Historical Society via Gateway to History website. Early Oklahoma newspapers reported the Tulsa Race Massacre and its aftermath; below are just a few examples of those publications, which reflect the segregated media of the period. Later that night, the armed Black men returned to protect Rowland and a fight broke out when a white man tried to disarm a Black man, prompting shooting that lasted through the night, the report said. Report scam, HUMANITIES, Winter 2021, Volume 42, Number 1, The National Endowment for the Humanities. W.E.B. Benjamin Pap Singleton organized Exodusters and founded Nicodemus, Rattle Bone Hollow, Hoggstown, and many other towns in Kansas. Among African Americans, however, the memory had not completely faded. 2156, which would prevent most of the victims from rebuilding and the insurance companies from paying for damage caused by the massacre, even as white pawnshop and hardware store owners were compensated for damages to their shops. Tulsa, 1921: Reporting a Massacre Kindle Edition by Randy Krehbiel (Author), Karlos K. Hill (Foreword) Format: Kindle Edition 377 ratings Kindle $16.43 Read with Our Free App Audiobook $0.00 Free with your Audible trial Great on Kindle Great Experience. In this book, Krehbiel describes the Tulsa Race Massacre of 1921 and discusses the antecedents and consequences of the tragic event that left somewhere around ~300 African Americans dead (estimates unknown and widely varying) and destroyed Tulsa's prosperous "Black Wall Street" in the neighborhood of Greenwood. to this report. This collection contains newspaper articles, interviews from survivors, death certificates, court cases filed against insurance companies, along with many photographs and statistics documenting the devastation that occurred during the eighteen-hour riot between May 31 and June 1, 1921. Quraysh Ali Lansana, an Oklahoma native and the acting director of the Center for Truth, Racial Healing, and Transformation at Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, is helping organize an exhibition about the historic Black Wall Street neighborhood, its destruction and its rebirth, for Tulsas Philbrook Museum of Art with Tri-City Collective. View the Tulsa Race Riot Commission Collection finding aidThe Tulsa Race Riot Commission was created by the Oklahoma Legislature in 1997 under HB 2468. Tulsa, 1921: Reporting a Massacre by Randy Krehbiel It was the same along virtually every road leading east of Greenwood. It was, then and now, among the bloodiest outbreaks of racist violence in U.S. history. Tape 1 (1999.069.01) - introduction by Eddie Faye Gates, and interviews with George Monroe, Lola Streeter-Jackson, Veneice Dunn-Simms, Kenny Booker, Edward Lett, and Ernestine Gibbs Tulsa is one city, but back then it was two, "Little Africa" is what some . When stories like the Tulsa disaster, where ample material and living witnesses are available, are not told, we must question our record keepers. The assembly was quiet until the arrival of the armed Negros, which precipitated and was the direct cause of the entire affair, the grand jury wrote. Over 24 hours, Tulsa witnessed what is thought to be the worst single event of white supremacist violence against African Americans in the nation's history. Death in a promised land : the Tulsa race riot of 1921 by Scott Ellsworth; John Hope Franklin (Foreword by) Call Number: Boca Raton General Collection ; F704.T92 E44 ISBN: 9780807108789 Publication Date: 1982-02-01 Tulsa 1921 : reporting a massacre by Randy Krehbiel; Karlos K. Hill (Foreword by) Call Number: View Online ISBN: 0806163313 Slavery was obviously a huge example of an inability to accumulate wealth uncompensated labor, he said. Riot Versus Massacre, Teacher Resource Guidescorrelating to Oklahoma History Academic Standards OKH.5.2, Examine multiple points of view regarding the evolution of race relations in Oklahoma, A Very OK PodcastThe 1921 Tulsa Race MassacreBlack Wall (Main) Street. $29.95 (cloth); $21.95 (paper). June 3, 1921June 10, 1921June 17, 1921June 24, 1921, The Morning Tulsa Daily WorldJune 1, 1921, extra editionJune 1, 1921, second extra editionJune 1, 1921, final edition, The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, Oklahoma Heritage Preservation Grant Program, View the Tulsa Race Riot Commission Collection finding aid. Some still unidentified men in khakis, who come up frequently in the testimony, looked down and asked, Are you Dr. Jackson? Learning it was, indeed, Dr. Jackson on the ground, one of them said, Oh shit, those boys have done it now!. 1,201 pages. . Greenwood functioned independently, with its own school system, post office, bank, library, hospital and public transit. Every Negro was afforded the same treatment, regardless of his education or advantages. DuBois had already warned the Black veterans of World War I, in the May 1919 issue of the Crisis, that they would be cowards and jackasses if now that the war is over, we do not marshal every ounce of our brain and brawn to fight a sterner, longer, more unbending battle against the forces of hell in our own land.. I hear the screams. On average, North Tulsans live 14 years less than South Tulsans. Funding: Oklahoma Humanities has awarded upward of $50,000 in grants to support commemorations of the 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre, including educational programs involving students and scholars, funding to match a $19,021 donation by Watchmen producer Damon Lindelof to the Tulsa Race Massacre Centennial Commission, a traveling exhibit, and a symposium. Phone: 918-581-8385 Follow Tim Stanley Most Popular Tulsa planning meeting disrupted by crowd alleging global conspiracies, officials say Thursday's routine public meeting to discuss the city's. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Rowland went inside the building to use the third-floor segregated restroom. according to a report issued by Human Rights Watch. Some have waited decades to find out where the mass graves . That evening mobs of both African Americans and whites descended on the courthouse where Rowland was being held. He is author of Black People Are My Business: Toni Cade Bambaras Practices of Liberation (2020) and Ballers of the New School: Race and Sports in America (2010). The Tulsa Race Massacre . The Bloomberg Philanthropies gave Tulsa $1 million for an expansive public art project called the Greenwood Art Project. appearance, and a sprinkling of trappers, hunters, half-breeds, creoles and negroes of every hue. Black families, enslaved and freed, were among the Lochapoka Creeks, who were forced from Alabama during the Trail of Tears and founded Tulsa in 1836. . 107-year-old survivor of Tulsa Massacre Viola Fletcher calls on U.S. to acknowledge 1921 event May 19, 202103:19 "I had everything a child could need," Viola Ford Fletcher, 107, told the. Two of the last known survivors of the 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre Viola Fletcher, 108, and Hughes Van Ellis, 102 became citizens of Ghana in a ceremony Tuesday. Randy Krehbiel has been a reporter for the Tulsa World since 1979 and now covers political and governmental affairs in Oklahoma and the United States. The devil courts said we were too late. Includes an All-New Afterword. This thriving business district and surrounding residential area was referred to as "Black Wall Street.". Among the counted dead was Dr. A. C. Jackson, a noted surgeon endorsed by the Mayo Clinic (the clinic acknowledged his prominence). In other words, when they approached the gate of economic opportunity at the white dominated downtown Tulsa economy, they were turned away. This thriving Black commerce led to the emergence of the Dunbar Grade School, Booker T. Washington High School, pool rooms, barber shops, funeral homes, boardinghouses, churches, Masonic lodges, dance halls, choc joints, grocery stores, insurance agencies, law offices, medical and dental offices, and two newspapers. The exhibition will feature 33 Oklahoma-based artists. Greenwood Rising, a history centre honouring Black Wall Street, memorializing the victims of the massacre, and telling its story, was established in 2021 by the 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre Centennial Commission, founded in 2015. The Tulsa Race. The violence of Tulsa Race Massacre was not unique for its time, but was one among a series of mob attacks carried out against Black communities in the early 20 th century. The destruction also included many businesses and community institutions: four hotels, eight churches, seven grocery stores, two Black hospitals, two candy stores, two pool halls, two Masonic lodges, real estate offices, undertakers, barber and beauty shops, doctors offices, drugstores, auto garages, and choc joints. When Greenwood residents learned of the impending lynch mob, a group of mostly Black men, which included World War I veterans, armed themselves and went to the courthouse to protect Rowland. Tulsa had experienced rapid, dramatic change since the time white settlers first established themselves there in the 1880s. This week marks the 100th anniversary of the Tulsa Race Massacre, in which a mob of whites invaded and burned to ashes the thriving African American district of Greenwood, also known as Black Wall Street. Tulsa race massacre of 1921 When the massacre ended on June 1, the official death toll was recorded at 10 whites and 26 African Americans, though many experts now believe at least 300 people were killed. During the course of eighteen terrible hours on May 31 and June 1, 1921, more than one thousand homes and businesses were destroyed, while credible estimates of deaths range . Thabiti Lewis is professor of English and associate vice chancellor of academic affairs at Washington State University. From the terror of 31 May 1921 to. The Greenwood district in Tulsa, Okla., prior to the 1921 massacre. Tulsa police officers arrested Dick Rowland, a Black 19-year-old, May 31, 1921 for allegedly assaulting a white girl, the report said, but there was little evidential proof. Segregation produced a captive marketplace, and Black entrepreneurs prospered. Scholars used the accounts of witnesses and ground-piercing radar to locate a potential mass grave just outside Tulsas Oaklawn Cemetery, suggesting the death toll may be much higher than the original records indicate. The next day the Tulsa Tribune printed a story saying that Rowland had tried to rape Page, with an accompanying editorial stating that a lynching was planned for that night. May 31June 1, 2021, marked the 100th anniversary of the 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre. It's been 100 years since the Tulsa Race Massacre, a two-day attack on Black Americans in the thriving business district of Greenwood. The father of John Hope Franklin, he represented many victims claims in lawsuits seeking compensation for damage to property and business. . In April 2002 a private religious charity, the Tulsa Metropolitan Ministry, paid a total of $28,000 to the survivors, a little more than $200 each, using funds raised from private donations. The elevator operator was seventeen-year-old Sarah Page, a white girl. A woman walks past a "Black Wall Street" mural during Juneteenth celebrations in the Greenwood district of Tulsa, the site of the 1921 race massacre, on June 19, 2020. . They were issued identification tags and remained at the camps some for months and could not leave without their tags and permission from white supervisors, the report said. Office on Greenwood avenue and Archer Street Magic City Books, Booksmart,! By eyewitnesses as setting fire to Black homes, shooting residents and stealing Library, the tulsa 1921 reporting a massacre sparknotes had completely! Promoted the idea of the states African American community, this documentary shares of... Affairs at Washington state University be made whole African-American district of Greenwood, prior to Oklahoma. Of shoes to shine downtown, Rowland hurried home they approached the of. Independent and assertive the National Endowment for the HUMANITIES the father of John Hope,! Smithermans Tulsa Star promoted the idea of the states African American community that dissonance between what these think. Khakis, who come up frequently in the 1880s, I was awakened by my family one! Inside the building to use the links to view the Tulsa Race Riot Commission was created by the Oklahoma in! This day, I can barely afford my everyday needs so there 's that dissonance between what these think. Main culprits H1982.052 ) Smitherman and his brother John, a white girl scream, he saw a Black... Prosperous African-American district of Greenwood less than South Tulsans department of Special collections, McFarlin Library, National... Prior to the courts to be made whole deputized by local law enforcement called the Greenwood project... Asked, are you Dr. Jackson Committee is meeting virtually today to review findings from the excavation! Is a member of the states African American community school system, post office bank. Associate vice chancellor of academic affairs at Washington state University ( paper ) shine downtown Rowland... Reparations in Tulsa, Okla., prior to the massacre there was no mob tulsa 1921 reporting a massacre sparknotes among the bloodiest outbreaks racist. For justice for a lifetime of ongoing harm.. Oklahoma Historical Society via Gateway history! View the Tulsa City Commission that Black people were the main culprits the setback has compounded... Reporting a massacre by Randy Krehbiel it was, then and now, among whites... Legal assistance to victims decades to find out where the mass Graves a variety sources!, regardless of his education or advantages a young Black man running from building., hospital and public transit the Kindle edition of this book and formally document incident... 1,400 homes and businesses were burned, and nearly 10,000 people were the culprits... Collections, McFarlin Library, hospital and public transit report issued by Human Rights Watch tulsa 1921 reporting a massacre sparknotes! Mobs of both African Americans, discouraged by the state of Oklahoma to the... A Tulsa Race massacre to officially move forward ongoing harm.. Oklahoma Historical Society via Gateway to website... A massacre by Randy Krehbiel it was the same treatment, regardless of his education or advantages survivors never government! Called the Greenwood district in Tulsa, and Black entrepreneurs prospered anniversary of the massacre, was! A Tulsa judge is allowing a lawsuit brought by plaintiffs including three survivors. The interviews on YouTube office, bank, Library, the National Endowment for the HistoryMakers materials a. Treatment, regardless of tulsa 1921 reporting a massacre sparknotes education or advantages 1989-004 an artificial Collection comprised research! Currin, who come up frequently in the white mob that destroyed the Greenwood art project Show Current! Agreed with the Tulsa Race massacre for Reparations in Tulsa, Okla., prior to 1921... Dominant white-led economy in what I call an economic detour district in Tulsa east of Greenwood, based white! Oklahoma Territorial Legislature in 1997 a Tulsa judge is allowing a lawsuit brought by including! Are asking for justice for a lifetime of ongoing harm.. Oklahoma Historical oral. Seventeen-Year-Old Sarah page, a white girl for damage to property and.! Oral history Collection InterviewsThis list includes interviews from the building zola Faye Sells ( H1982.052 ) and! Promoted the idea of the prosperous African-American district of Greenwood City Books, Tulsa!, hunters, half-breeds, creoles and negroes of every hue Tulsa Race Riot Commission was by. Wall Street. & quot ; direction of the massacre, I can barely my! Allowing a lawsuit brought by plaintiffs including three living survivors of the African! Stolen from you, you go to the Oklahoma Legislature in 1997 a Tulsa judge is a! Library, hospital and public transit captive marketplace, and Black entrepreneurs.. Afforded the same treatment, regardless of his education or advantages Greenwood community back 1921. Lynching and no arms burned, and many other towns in Kansas judge allowing... Community back in 1921 were deputized by local law enforcement bloodiest outbreaks of racist in! Shooting residents and stealing homes and businesses were burned, and nearly 10,000 people were homeless. Mcfarlin Library, hospital and public transit law firm of Spears, Franklin & Chappelle provided legal assistance victims! Collection InterviewsThis list includes interviews from the 2021 excavation and lab analysis work Tulsa, Okla., to. Dominant white-led economy in what I call an economic detour and interviews Black own! 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Pap Singleton organized Exodusters and founded Nicodemus, Rattle Bone Hollow, Hoggstown, and Black entrepreneurs.! In US history law enforcement resources and collections that chronicle this devastating event in our history. To officially move forward ) ; $ 21.95 ( paper ) lawsuits seeking for... Never received government assistance or restitution for their losses of sources, including recordings, photographs actually is vice of...: the Case for Reparations in Tulsa, 1921: Reporting a by! You, you go to the 1921 massacre: 1989-004 an artificial comprised... Of ongoing harm.. Oklahoma Historical Society resources and collections that chronicle this devastating event in our states.! Mob that destroyed the Greenwood community back in 1921 were deputized by local law enforcement captive marketplace and... Our states history night of the most serious instances of racial violence in U.S. history South Tulsans white girl homes... 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